Daga cikin shugabannin Soviet na rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, adadi na Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980) ya bambanta. A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista (to ana kiran mukaminsa "Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet"), ya jagoranci tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, USSR ta zama mafi ƙarfi tare da tattalin arziki na biyu a duniya. Abu ne mai yiwuwa a lissafa nasarorin da aka samu ta fuskar miliyoyin tan da murabba'in mita na dogon lokaci, amma babban sakamakon nasarorin tattalin arziki na shekarun 1960 - 1980 shine ainihin wurin da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance a duniya.
Kosygin ba zai iya yin alfahari da asali ba (ɗan mai juyawa da matar gida) ko ilimi (makarantar fasaha ta Potrebkooperatsii da Cibiyar Masaka ta 1935), amma an karanta shi sosai, yana da kyakkyawar ƙwaƙwalwa da fa'ida. Babu wanda zai yi tunanin a cikin taron kansa cewa Alexei Nikolaevich bai sami ainihin ilimin da ake buƙata ga babban ɗan ƙasa ba. Koyaya, a kusan shekarun guda, Stalin ya kasance tare da makarantar hauza da ba a kammala ba kuma ta yaya aka gudanar ...
A Alexei Nikolaevich, abokan aiki sun lura da ƙwarewa ta musamman a cikin batutuwan hukuma. Bai tara tarurruka don sauraron masana da rage ra'ayinsu zuwa guda daya ba. Kosygin koyaushe yana yin kowace matsala da kansa, kuma yana tattara ƙwararru don daidaita hanyoyin warwarewa da daidaita tsare-tsaren.
1. Gabatarwa mai mahimmanci na farko mai shekaru AN Kosygin mai shekaru 34 ba tare da son sani ba. Bayan da aka karɓa kira zuwa Moscow, shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na Leningrad City (1938 - 1939) a safiyar ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1939 ya hau jirgin Moscow. Kar mu manta cewa 1939 ya fara. Lavrenty Beria ne kawai a Nuwamba ya maye gurbin Nikolai Yezhov a matsayin Commissar Jama'a na NKVD kuma har yanzu bai sami lokacin da zai magance masu karya kashi daga ofishin na tsakiya ba. Maƙwabcin Kosygin a cikin sashin shi ne sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Nikolai Cherkasov, wanda bai daɗe da yin fim ba "Peter na Farko" da "Alexander Nevsky". Cherkasov, wanda yake da lokaci don karanta jaridun safe, ya taya Kosygin murnar wannan nadin nasa. Alexei Nikolaevich ya ɗan yi mamaki, tunda bai san dalilan kiran Moscow ba. Ya zama cewa an sanya hannu a kan nadin nasa a matsayin Kwamishinan Mutane na masana'antar keɓaɓɓiyar USSR a ranar 2 ga Janairu kuma tuni an buga shi a cikin manema labarai. A cikin wannan sakon, Kosygin ya yi aiki har zuwa Afrilu 1940.
2. Kosygin, kodayake bisa ƙa'ida, saboda kasancewarsa cikin kifar da Khrushchev, kuma ana iya ɗaukar sa memba na ƙungiyar Brezhnev, bai dace da kamfanin Brezhnev sosai ba a cikin ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa. Ba ya son ƙungiyoyi masu hayaniya, bukukuwa da sauran shagulgula, kuma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ya kasance mai ladabi har zuwa zuhudu. Kusan babu wanda ya ziyarce shi, kamar yadda da kyar ya ziyarci kowa. Ya huta a cikin ɗakin kwana a cikin Kislovodsk. Tabbas, sanatorium din ya kasance membobin kwamitin ne, amma ba wani abu. Masu gadin ba sa tare da shi, yayin da shugaban Majalisar Ministocin da kansa ya bi ta wannan hanyar, wacce ake kira "Kosygin". Kosygin ya yi balaguro zuwa Crimea sau biyu, amma tsarin tsaro a can ya fi tsauri, kuma rumfar tare da tarho “mai juyawa” ya tsaya daidai bakin rairayin bakin teku, wane irin hutu ...
3. A jana'izar shugaban kasar Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser A. Kosygin ya wakilci kasar Soviet. Kuma ya yi wannan tafiya ne don yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci - duk lokacin da yake kokarin bincikar kasar Masar din. Ya kuma nemi bayani daga kowane tushe game da magajin Nasser Anwar Sadat (sannan ba a tabbatar ba). Ganin cewa kimantawa na ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin da jami'an leken asirin - sun nuna Sadat a matsayin mai alfahari, turawa, mugunta da fuska biyu - an tabbatar da shi, Kosygin ya amince da ra'ayinsu. Kafin tashin jirgin, ya tuna cewa yana buƙatar kawo abubuwan tunawa ga ƙaunatattunsa, kuma ya nemi mai fassarar ya sayi wani abu a tashar jirgin sama. Sayayya ta kasance cikin fam 20 na Masar.
4. Kosygin na kusa da shugabannin da aka harbe kuma aka yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira. Batun "Leningrad case" (a zahiri, akwai shari'oi da yawa, da kuma gwaji). Dangi sun tuna cewa tsawon watanni Alexei Nikolaevich ya tafi aiki, kamar dai har abada. Koyaya, komai yayi aiki, kodayake akwai shaidu akan Kosygin, kuma bashi da manyan masu ceto.
5. Duk tarurruka da tarurrukan kasuwanci A. Kosygin an gudanar da shi a bushe, mai kamar kasuwanci, a wasu hanyoyi har ma da matsanancin hali. Duk lambobin ban dariya ko na motsin rai tare da sa hannun sa ana iya kidaya su akan yatsun hannun sa daya. Amma wani lokacin Alexey Nikolaevich har yanzu yana ba da damar kansa don haskaka yanayin kasuwancin tarurruka. Da zarar a taron Shugabannin Majalisar Ministocin, an yi la’akari da tsarin gina cibiyoyin al'adu da tattalin arziki wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta gabatar na shekara mai zuwa. A wannan lokacin, an yi shekaru da yawa ana ginin ginin Babban Masallacin Moscow, amma har yanzu ba a kammala shi ba. Kosygin ya gano cewa don kammala ginin circus, mutum yana buƙatar miliyan rubles da shekara guda na aiki, amma ba a ba da wannan miliyan a cikin Moscow. Ministan Al'adu Yekaterina Furtseva ya yi magana a taron. Riƙe hannayenta a kirji, ta nemi miliyan don circus. Saboda mugayen halayenta, Furtseva bai shahara sosai a cikin fitattun Soviet ba, don haka aikinta bai yi tasiri ba. Ba zato ba tsammani, Kosygin ya hau kan bene, yana ba da shawarar ware adadin da ake buƙata ga mace kaɗai da ke ministar a cikin masu sauraro. A bayyane yake cewa an amince da shawarar da sauri. Don jin daɗin Furtseva, ta kiyaye maganarta - daidai shekara ɗaya bayan haka, mafi yawan circus a Turai sun karɓi 'yan kallo na farko.
6. An rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da sake fasalin Kosygin, kuma kusan ba a rubuta komai ba game da dalilan da suka sa gyaran ya zama dole. Maimakon haka, suna rubutawa, amma game da sakamakon waɗannan dalilai: raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki, ƙarancin kayayyaki da kayayyaki, da sauransu. Wani lokaci sukan ambaci yayin wucewa game da "shawo kan sakamakon ɗabi'ar mutum". Wannan baya bayanin komai - akwai mummunan al'ada, ya rinjayi sakamakonsa, komai yakamata ya inganta. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani ana buƙatar gyare-gyare. Boxan ƙaramin akwatin da ke bayanin tsoho ya buɗe kawai. Mafi yawan marubuta, masu yada labarai da masana tattalin arziki sune zuriyar wadanda Khrushchev ya gyara a zamaninsa. Saboda wannan suna godiya ga Nikita Sergeevich fiye da rabin karni. Idan suka tsawata mini wani lokaci, zai zama mai ƙauna: shi ne ya ƙirƙira wannan masarar, amma ya kira mawaƙa kalmomin marasa kyau. Amma a zahiri, Khrushchev ya lalata wani muhimmin yanki wanda ba na ƙasa ba na tattalin arzikin Soviet. Bugu da ƙari, ya lalata shi da tsabta - daga shanun makiyaya zuwa zane-zane waɗanda ke samar da rediyo da talabijin. Dangane da ƙididdiga daban-daban, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kai 6 zuwa 17% na GDP na USSR. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙididdiga ne, da yawa suna faɗuwa kai tsaye cikin gidan ko kan teburin mai amfani. Zane-zane da haɗin gwiwa sun samar da kusan rabin kayan Soviet, duk kayan wasan yara, kashi biyu cikin uku na kayan ƙarfe, da kuma kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ɗakunan saka. Bayan tarwatsa zane-zane, waɗannan kayayyakin sun ɓace, don haka akwai ƙarancin kaya, kuma rashin daidaito ya taso a cikin masana'antar. Abin da ya sa ake buƙatar sake fasalin Kosygin - ba yunƙurin kamala ba ne, amma mataki ne daga ƙarshen rami.
7. Tun ma kafin murabus din sa daga mukamin shugaban majalisar ministocin, amma tuni ya fara rashin lafiya mai tsanani, A. Kosygin ya tattauna da shugaban kwamitin na USSR Centrosoyuz game da ci gaban hadin kai. Dangane da shirin Kosygin, kamfanoni masu hadin gwiwa na iya samar da kusan kashi 40% na yawan sayar da kayayyaki a cikin kasar kuma su mallaki kusan iri daya a bangaren sabis. Babban burin, ba shakka, ba shine fadada bangaren hadin gwiwa ba, amma don inganta ingancin kayayyaki da aiyuka. Kafin perestroika fanning ya ma fi shekaru biyar da haihuwa.
8. A ka'ida, ba mafi wayayyen ra'ayi bane na sanya alama ta Ingancin USSR ga kaya da farko an fadada zuwa kayan abinci. Wani kwamiti na musamman wanda ya kunshi mutane da yawa ya ba da Alamar Inganci, kuma wani ɓangare na wannan kwamiti yana ziyarta - ya yi aiki kai tsaye a kamfanoni, yana fitar da gama-gari daga aikinsu. Darektocin sun yi gunaguni dalla-dalla, amma ba su yi ƙarfin halin adawa da “layin jam’iyya” ba. Har sai a ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawar da Kosygin, darekta na dogon lokaci na masana'antar kayan ɗanɗano ta Krasny Oktyabr Anna Grinenko ba ta kira kamfani kai tsaye tare da Alamar Inganci don samfuran banza ba. Kosygin ya yi mamaki kuma ya yi kokarin yin jayayya, amma kwana daya kawai sai mataimakin nasa ya kira Grinenko ya ce an soke sanya aikin Ingantaccen Abinci ga kayayyakin abinci.
9. Tunda aka ɗora wa A. Kosygin bisa ƙa'idar "duk wanda ya yi sa'a, mun ɗauka," a cikin 1945 dole ne ya shirya doka game da yankin ƙasa na Kudancin Sakhalin, wanda aka 'yanta daga mamayar Japan. Dole ne in yi nazarin takardu, shaidun tarihi, har ma in duba ta cikin tatsuniyoyi. Kwamitin da Kosygin ke jagoranta ya zaɓi sunaye don birane 14 da gundumomi da birane 6 na ƙanƙantar da yanki. An zartar da dokar, an sauyawa garuruwa da gundumomi suna, kuma mazauna Sakhalin a ƙarshen 1960s, yayin tafiye-tafiyen aiki na Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin, sun tunatar da Alexei Nikolaevich cewa shi "ubangiji" ne na birni ko gundumar su.
10. A 1948, Alexey Nikolaevich daga 16 ga Fabrairu zuwa 28 ga Disamba 28 ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudin Tarayyar Soviet. An bayyana gajeren lokacin aiki kawai - Kosygin ya kirga kudin jihar. Yawancin shugabannin har yanzu ba su kawar da hanyoyin "soja" na gudanar da tattalin arziƙi ba - a lokacin shekarun yaƙin ba su mai da hankali sosai ga kuɗi ba, an buga su yadda ake buƙata. A shekarun bayan yakin, har ma bayan sake fasalin kudi, ya zama dole a koyi yin aiki ta wata hanyar daban. Shugabannin sunyi imanin cewa Kosygin yana tara kuɗi don dalilai na kashin kansu. JV Stalin har ma ya sami sigina game da almubazzaranci a cikin ma'aikatar da Gokhran. Lev Mekhlis ne ya shugabanci binciken. Wannan mutumin ya san yadda ake gano aibi a ko'ina, wanda, haɗe da ƙiyayya da taka tsantsan, ya sanya shi zama abin tsoro ga shugaban kowane irin matsayi. A cikin Ma'aikatar Kudi, Mehlis bai sami wata nakasu ba, amma a Gokhran an sami karancin gwal gram 140. “Ferocious” Mehlis ya gayyaci masana sunadarai zuwa shagon. Binciken ya nuna cewa an yi asara mara yawa (miliyan miliyan na kashi) a yayin kwashe gwal zuwa Sverdlovsk da kuma isar da shi. Koyaya, duk da kyakkyawan sakamakon binciken, an cire Kosygin daga Ma'aikatar Kudi kuma an nada shi Ministan Masana'antu na Haske.
11. diflomasiyyar jigila ta Kosygin ta baiwa wakilan Pakistan M. Ayub Khan da India L B. Shastri damar sanya hannu kan wata sanarwar zaman lafiya a Tashkent wacce ta kawo karshen rikicin zubar da jini. A cewar sanarwar Tashkent ta 1966, bangarorin da suka fara yakin kan yankunan Kashmir da ake takaddama a kansu a shekarar 1965 sun amince da janye sojoji tare da dawo da alakar diflomasiyya, kasuwanci da al'adu. Duka shugabannin Indiya da na Pakistan sun yaba da shirye-shiryen Kosygin na diflomasiyyar jigila - shugaban gwamnatin Soviet bai yi jinkirin ziyartar su daga zama zuwa wurin zama ba. Wannan manufar ta sami nasara. Abin takaici, shugaban na biyu na gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta LB Shastri ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani kuma ya mutu a Tashkent 'yan kwanaki bayan sanya hannu kan sanarwar. Koyaya, bayan tattaunawar Tashkent, zaman lafiya a Kashmir ya kasance tsawon shekaru 8.
12. Manufofin kudi na Alexei Kosygin a duk tsawon lokacin da ya yi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin (1964 - 1980), kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu, an tsayar da shi ta hanya mai sauki - karuwar yawan aiki ya kamata, a kalla da karamin kudi, ya zarce ci gaban matsakaicin albashi. Shi kansa ya yi matukar takaici a nasa matakan na sake fasalin tattalin arziki lokacin da ya ga shugabannin kamfanonin, da suka sami riba fiye da kima, ba tare da dalili ba sun ɗaga albashi. Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata irin wannan haɓaka ya biyo baya ga karuwar ƙwadago. A cikin 1972, Soviet Union ta sha wahala ƙarancin amfanin gona. Wasu shugabannin ma'aikatu da kuma Hukumar tsara Jiha sun yanke shawarar cewa a cikin wahalar da ta bayyana a cikin 1973 zai iya yiwuwa a kara albashi da irin wannan adadin tare da karin 1% na yawan aiki. Koyaya, Kosygin ya ƙi amincewa da daftarin shirin har sai an rage ƙarin albashi zuwa 0.8%.
13. Alexei Kosygin shi ne kawai wakilin manya-manyan masu iko a Tarayyar Soviet wadanda suka yi matukar adawa da aikin mika wani bangare na kwararar kogin Siberia zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya da Kazakhstan. Kosygin ya yi amannar cewa barnar da aka samu ta hanyar tura dimbin ruwa zuwa tazarar da ta kai kilomita 2500 zai wuce amfanin tattalin arziki.
14. Jermen Gvishiani, mijin ‘yar A. Kosygin, ya tunatar da cewa, a cewar surukinsa, gabanin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, I. Stalin ya sha sukar shugabannin sojojin Soviet a idanun, yana la’akari da cewa ba su shirya don babban yaƙi ba. Kosygin ya ce Stalin, cikin sigar izgili, ya yi kira ga marshals ɗin da su shirya ba don bin abokan gaba ba, wanda ke gudu da sauri zuwa yankinsa, amma don yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa. a cikin abin da zaku iya rasa wani ɓangare na sojojin har ma da yankin na Tarayyar Soviet. Daga abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ya bayyana a sarari yadda shugabannin sojoji suka ɗauki maganar Stalin da mahimmanci. Amma kwararrun farar hula, wadanda Kosygin ya jagoranta, sun sami damar shirya yakin. A kwanakin farko, an kwashe wani muhimmin bangare na karfin tattalin arzikin USSR zuwa gabas. Kungiyar Alexey Nikolaevich ta kwashe sama da kamfanonin masana'antu 1,500 a cikin wadannan kwanaki masu ban tsoro.
15. Saboda rashin kuzarin Khrushchev, wakilan USSR shekaru da yawa sun ziyarci kusan dukkanin ƙasashe na uku a cikin jerin haruffa, suna tabbatar da jagorancin su ga abokantakar su. A farkon 1970s, Kosygin ma ya yi irin wannan balaguro zuwa Maroko. Don girmama manyan baki, Sarki Faisal ya shirya liyafa a fadarsa mafi kyau da ke cikin teku. Firayim Ministan Soviet, wanda ya ɗauki kansa mai iya iyo, da farin ciki ya kutsa cikin ruwan Tekun Atlantika. Jami'an tsaron da suka yi rakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet a wannan tafiyar sun tuna na dogon lokaci ranar da yakamata su kama A. Kosygin daga cikin ruwa - ya zama cewa don su fita daga hawan teku, ana bukatar wata fasaha.
16. A shekarar 1973, shugaban gwamnatin Jamus Willy Brandt ya gabatar da jagorancin USSR da motoci kirar Marsandi guda uku na samfura daban-daban. L. Brezhnev ya ba da umarnin tuƙa samfurin da yake so zuwa garejin Sakataren Janar. A ka'idar, sauran motocin guda biyu an yi niyyar zuwa Kosygin da Nikolai Podgorny, Shugaban Koli na Soviet na USSR, a wancan lokacin ana ɗaukarsa shugaban ƙasa, "Shugaban USSR". A shirin Kosygin, an sauya motocin duka biyu "ga tattalin arzikin kasa." Daya daga cikin direbobin Aleksey Nikolayevich daga baya ya tuna cewa jami'an KGB sun je wuraren da aka ba su aiki a "Mercedes".
17. Alexey Nikolaevich ya zauna tare da matarsa Klavdia Andreevna (1908 - 1967) tsawon shekaru 40. Matarsa ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Mayu, kimanin minti ɗaya da Kosygin, tana tsaye a kan dakalin Mausoleum, tana maraba da zanga-zangar ma'aikata. Kaico, wani lokacin la'akari na siyasa yana sama da mafi tsananin kauna. Kosygin ya tsira daga Klavdia Ivanovna da shekaru 23, kuma duk waɗannan shekarun yana sanya ƙwaƙwalwarta a zuciyarsa.
18. A cikin sadarwar kasuwanci, Kosygin bai taɓa durƙusawa ba kawai don rashin ladabi, amma har ma yana nufin “ku”. Don haka ya kira mutane ƙalilan da ke kusa da gaske da mataimakan aiki. Daya daga cikin mataimakansa ya tuna cewa Kosygin ya kira shi "ku" na dogon lokaci, kodayake shi ne ƙarami a cikin abokan aikinsa. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan kammala wasu manyan ayyuka, Alexey Nikolaevich ya fara kiran sabon mataimaki zuwa "ku". Koyaya, idan ya cancanta, Kosygin na iya zama mai tsananin ƙarfi. Wata rana, yayin taron ma'aikatan mai, wani shugaban diyya daga shugabannin yankin Tomsk, ya ba da rahoto kan taswirar game da kasancewar "maɓuɓɓugan ruwa" - rijiyoyi masu alkawarin - bisa kuskure maimakon yankin Tomsk sun hau zuwa Novosibirsk. Ba a ga yawancin sa a manyan mukaman shugabanci ba.
goma sha tara.Nikolai Baybakov, wanda ya san Kosygin tun kafin lokacin yaƙi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Alexei Nikolaevich kuma shugaban kwamitin tsare-tsaren Jiha, ya yi imanin cewa matsalolin kiwon lafiyar Kosygin sun fara ne a 1976. Yayin da yake cikin kwale-kwale, kwatsam sai Alexei Nikolaevich ya suma. Jirgin ruwan ya kife kuma ya nitse. Tabbas, da sauri an fitar da Kosygin daga cikin ruwa kuma an ba shi agaji na farko, amma dole ne ya kasance a asibiti fiye da watanni biyu. Bayan wannan abin da ya faru, Kosygin ko yaya ya dusashe, kuma a cikin Siyasar al'amuransa na ta ƙara taɓarɓarewa, kuma wannan ba ta da wata fa'ida don inganta lafiyar sa.
20. Kosygin ya nuna matukar adawa ga aikin soji a Afghanistan. Ya saba da kirga kowane dinari na jihar, ya gabatar da shawarar bai wa Afghanistan komai da komai, amma ba yadda za a yi a tura sojoji. Kaico, muryarsa ta kaɗaita, kuma zuwa 1978, tasirin Alexei Nikolaevich akan sauran membobin Politburo ya ragu zuwa mafi ƙaranci.
