A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1961, Yuri Gagarin ya yi jirgin sama na farko na sararin samaniya kuma a lokaci guda ya kafa sabuwar sana'a - "cosmonaut". A ƙarshen 2019, mutane 565 sun ziyarci sarari. Wannan lambar na iya banbanta dangane da abin da ake nufi da batun "ɗan sama jannati" (ko "ɗan sama jannati", a wannan yanayin, ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya ne) a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, amma tsarin lambobin zai kasance daidai.
Ma'anar kalmomin da ke nuna mutanen da ke yin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya sun fara bambanta da jiragen farko. Yuri Gagarin ya gama zagaye duniya. An dauki jirgin nasa azaman farawa, kuma a cikin USSR, sannan a Rasha, ana daukar dan sama jannatin wanda ya kammala aƙalla zagaye ɗaya a kewayen duniyarmu.
A Amurka, jirgi na farko ya kasance mai ba da izini - John Glenn kawai ya tashi sama a sama kuma mai tsayi, amma a bayyane. Saboda haka, a Amurka, mutumin da ya yi tafiyar kilomita 80 a tsayi zai iya ɗaukar kansa ɗan sama jannatin. Amma wannan, ba shakka, tsarkakakken tsari ne. Yanzu cosmonauts / 'yan saman jannati ana kiransu ko'ina mutane waɗanda suka yi sararin samaniya na tsawon sama da zagaye ɗaya akan kumbon da aka shirya.
1. A cikin kwastomomi 565, 64 mata ne. Matan Amurka 50, wakilan USSR 4 / Rasha, matan Kanada 2, matan Japan da matan China da wakili daya daga Burtaniya, Faransa, Italiya da Koriya sun ziyarci sararin samaniya. Gaba ɗaya, gami da maza, wakilan ƙasashe 38 sun ziyarci sararin samaniya.
2. Sana'ar sama jannati tana da haɗari sosai. Ko da ba mu yi la'akari da rayukan mutane da suka ɓace yayin shiri ba, ba kuma yayin tafiyar ba, mutuwar 'yan sama jannatin na da ban tsoro - kusan kashi 3.2 cikin 100 na wakilan wannan sana'ar sun mutu a wurin aiki. Don kwatankwacin, a cikin mafi hatsarin “duniya” na masunta, kwatankwacin abin da aka nuna ya kai kashi 0.04%, wato, masunta suna mutuwa kusan sau 80 sau da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana rarraba mace-mace ba daidai ba. Cosmonauts na Soviet (hudu daga cikinsu) sun mutu saboda matsalolin fasaha a cikin 1971-1973. Amurkawa, harma da yin jirage zuwa duniyar wata, sun fara lalacewa a zamanin abin da aka yi amannar cewa mai amintaccen jigilar sararin samaniya ne. Jiragen saman sararin samaniya na Amurka Challenger da Columbia sun yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan mutane 14 saboda kawai tiles din da ke nuna yanayin zafi yana zurarowa daga kofofinsu.
3. Rayuwar kowane cosmonaut ko dan sama jannati gajere ne, duk da cewa mai aukuwa ce. Dangane da ƙididdigar ba mafi maƙasudin manufa ba, amma masanin tarihi masanin astronautics Stanislav Savin, matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar Soviet cosmonauts shine shekaru 51, 'yan sama jannatin NASA suna rayuwa a matsakaici shekaru 3 ƙasa da haka.
4. Haƙiƙanin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu an ɗora su kan lafiyar farkon cosmonauts. Ananan alamar alamun matsaloli tare da jiki tare da yiwuwar 100% ƙare a cikin korar daga candidatesan takarar astan saman jannatin. An zaɓi mutane 20 da aka haɗa a cikin ƙungiyar da farko daga matukan jirgin yaƙi 3461, sannan daga 347. A mataki na gaba, zaɓin ya riga ya kasance daga cikin mutane 206, kuma ko da 105 daga cikinsu sun fita don dalilai na kiwon lafiya (75 sun ƙi kansu). Babu matsala idan akace membobin kungiyar cosmonaut na farko sunfi kowa lafiya a Soviet Union tabbas. Yanzu 'yan saman jannati, tabbas, suma suna yin gwaji mai zurfi na likita kuma suna da hannu cikin horo na jiki, amma buƙatun lafiyar su sun zama masu sauƙin sauƙi. Misali, cosmonaut kuma shahararren mashahurin masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Sergei Ryazansky ya rubuta cewa a cikin daya daga cikin ma'aikatansa dukkan cosmonauts ukun suna sanye da tabarau. Ryazansky kansa daga baya ya sauya zuwa ruwan tabarau na tuntuɓa. Theungiyar centrifuge da aka girka a Gorky Park tana ba da ɗimbin nauyi fiye da centrifuges ɗin da cosmonauts ke koyarwa. Amma har yanzu ana ba da horo na jiki don zufa jini.
5. Tare da duk mahimmancin maganin ƙasa da sararin samaniya a lokaci guda, hujin huɗu a cikin mutane cikin fararen riguna har yanzu suna faruwa. A cikin 1977 - 1978, Georgy Grechko da Yuri Romanenko sun yi aiki a tashar Salyut-6 don yin rikodin kwanaki 96. A kan hanya, sun kafa bayanai da yawa, waɗanda aka ba da labarinsu sosai: sun fara bikin Sabuwar Shekara a sararin samaniya, suka karɓi ma'aikatan farko na duniya a tashar, da sauransu. Ba a ba da rahoto game da yiwuwar, amma ba a kammala ba, aikin haƙori na farko a sararin samaniya. A ƙasa, likitoci sun duba caries ɗin Romanenko. A cikin sararin samaniya, cutar ta isa jijiya tare da abubuwan jin zafi masu dacewa. Da sauri Romanenko ya lalata kayan aikin zafin, Grechko yayi ƙoƙari ya magance haƙori a kan umarnin daga Duniya. Har ma ya gwada wata na’urar Jafanawa da ba a taba yin irinta ba, wacce a ka'ida take warkar da dukkan cututtuka ta hanyoyin motsawar lantarki da aka aika zuwa wasu sassa na auricle. A sakamakon haka, ban da haƙori, kunnen Romanenko kuma ya fara ciwo - kayan aikin sun ƙone ta hanyarsa. Ma’aikatan Alexei Gubarev da Czech Vladimir Remek, waɗanda suka isa tashar, sun zo da ƙananan kayan haƙori. Ganin duhu mai kyalli mai duhu da jin cewa Remek ilimin likitan hakori ya iyakance ga tattaunawar awa ɗaya da likita a Duniya, Romanenko ya yanke shawarar jurewa har sai ya sauka. Kuma ya jimre - an cire haƙori a saman.
6. Ganin ido na dama shine 0.2, na hagu kuma 0.1. Ciwan ciki na kullum. Spondylosis (taƙaita canjin kashin baya) na jijiyoyin thoracic. Wannan ba tarihin likita bane, wannan bayani ne game da yanayin lafiyar Cosmonaut No. 8 Konstantin Feoktistov. Janar Designer Sergei Korolev da kansa ya umurci likitocin da su rufe idanunsu kan rashin lafiyar Feoktistov. Konstantin Petrovich da kansa ya kirkiro tsarin saukar jirgi mai sauƙin jirgin Voskhod kuma zai gwada shi da kansa yayin jirgin farko. Har ma likitocin sun yi kokarin lalata umarnin Korolev, amma Feoktistov da sauri ya mamaye kowa da halin sa na kirki da kirki. Ya yi tafiyar tare tare da Boris Egorov da Vladimir Komarov a ranar 12 zuwa 13 ga Oktoba, 1964.
7. Binciken sarari kasuwanci ne mai tsada. Yanzu rabin kasafin na Roscosmos ana kashe shi a jiragen sama - kimanin dala biliyan 65 a shekara. Ba shi yiwuwa a lissafa kudin jirgi guda na cosmonaut, amma a matsakaita, ƙaddamar da mutum zuwa kewayawa da zama a can yana kashe kusan biliyan 5.5 - 6. Wani ɓangare na kuɗin "yaƙi da shi" ta hanyar isar da baƙi zuwa ga ISS. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Amurkawa kadai sun biya kusan dala biliyan don isar da "fasinjojin sararin samaniya" ga ISS. Sun kuma adana da yawa - jirgin mafi arha na Shuttles ɗin su yakai dala miliyan 500. Haka kuma, kowane jirgi na gaba na wannan jigilar jigilar yana tsada da ƙari. Fasaha tana da halin tsufa, wanda ke nufin cewa kiyaye "llealubalen" da "Atlantis" a ƙasa zai tashi zuwa mafi girma dala. Wannan kuma ya shafi ɗaukakar Soviet "Buran" - hadaddun ya kasance ci gaba ne a fannin kimiyya da fasaha, amma ga shi babu kuma har yanzu babu ayyukan da suka dace da ƙarfin tsarin da farashin jirgin.
8. Abun ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa: don shiga cikin ƙungiyar cosmonaut, kuna buƙatar kasancewa ƙasa da shekaru 35, in ba haka ba mai nunin an nade shi a matakin karɓar takardu. Amma tuni aiki cosmonauts tashi kusan har sai sun yi ritaya. Cosmonaut na Rasha Pavel Vinogradov ya yi bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta 60 tare da tafiya a sararin samaniya - yana kan ISS a matsayin wani bangare na ma'aikatan jirgin kasa da kasa. Kuma dan kasar Italiya Paolo Nespoli ya shiga sararin samaniya yana dan shekara 60 da watanni 3.
9. Hadisai, tsafe-tsafe har ma da camfi tsakanin 'yan sama jannati sun kasance suna tara shekaru da yawa. Misali, al'adar ziyartar Red Square ko daukar hoto a wurin tunawa da Lenin a garin Star City - Korolev ya koma jiragen farko. Tsarin siyasa ya daɗe da canzawa, amma al'ada ta kasance. Amma fim din "Farin Rana na Hamada" an kalli shi ne tun daga shekarun 1970, sannan kuma ba a sake shi ba don fitarwa ta ko'ina. Bayan duba shi, Vladimir Shatalov ya yi zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya na yau da kullun. Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov da Viktor Patsaev sun tashi a gaba. Basu kalli fim din ba suka mutu. Kafin farawa ta gaba, sun miƙa wa musamman kallon “Farin Rana na Hamada”, kuma jirgin ya tafi daidai. An kiyaye al'adar kusan rabin karni. Kusa da farawa, alamu sun tsaya kamar bango: rubutun kai tsaye a ƙofar wani otal a Baikonur, waƙar "Grass by the House", ɗaukar hoto, tasha inda suka tsaya don Yuri Gagarin. Sababbin al'adun gargajiya guda biyu an yarda dasu ba bisa ka'ida ba: cosmonauts suna kallon fim din rabuwa da matansu suka yi, kuma babban mai tsara zane yana rakiyar kwamandan jirgin zuwa matakan da ƙafafun gaske. Firistocin Orthodox ma suna sha'awar. Firist ɗin ya albarkaci roka ba tare da gazawa ba, amma 'yan saman jannatin na iya ƙi. Amma ba daidai ba, babu wasu al'adu ko al'ada a sararin samaniya kafin sauka.
10. Mafi mahimmancin mascot na jirgin shine abin wasa mai laushi, wanda asalin Amurkawa suka ɗauka a cikin jiragen su a matsayin mai nuna rashin nauyi. Sannan al'adar ta yi ƙaura zuwa ga Soviet da Rasha cosmonautics. 'Yan saman jannati suna da' yanci don zaɓar abin da za su ɗauka a jirgin (duk da cewa dole ne injiniyoyi masu aminci su amince da abin wasa). Cats, gnomes, bears, transformers sun tashi zuwa sararin samaniya - kuma fiye da sau ɗaya. Kuma ma'aikatan Alexander Misurkin a ƙarshen 2017 sun ɗauki abin wasa a matsayin samfurin tauraron ɗan adam na farko na duniya - jirgin ya kasance shekaru 60.
11. Dan sama jannatin kwararre ne mai tsadar gaske. Kudin horar da cosmonauts suna da yawa sosai. Idan majagaba suna shirin shekara daya da rabi, to lokacin shirya ya fara mikewa. Akwai lokuta lokacin da ya ɗauki shekaru 5-6 daga isowar cosmonaut zuwa jirgin farko. Saboda haka, da wuya kowane matafiyi ke sararin samaniya ya iyakance zuwa jirgi daya - horon irin wannan dan sama jannatin lokaci bashi da riba. Masu yawan kadarori yawanci suna barin sarari saboda matsalolin lafiya ko rashin tsari. Kusan shari'ar da aka keɓe ita ce ta biyu ta Jamusanci Titov. A lokacin tafiyar ta sa’o’I 24, ya ji jiki matuka wanda ba kawai ya sanar da hakan ga hukumar ba bayan tashin jirgin, amma kuma ya ki ya ci gaba da zama a gawarwakin, ya zama matukin jirgi.
12. Samun abinci mai kyau a cikin bututu jiya ne. Abincin da 'yan saman jannati ke ci yanzu yafi kama da abincin duniya. Kodayake, ba shakka, rashin nauyi yana sanya wasu buƙatu akan daidaitowar jita-jita. Miya da ruwan 'ya'yan itace har yanzu dole ne a sha daga kwantena da aka rufe, kuma ana yin naman nama da kifi cikin jelly. Amurkawa suna amfani da samfuran da suka daskare, abokan aikinsu na Rasha suna son schnitzels ɗinsu. Bugu da ƙari, menu na kowane ɗan sama jannatin yana da halaye na mutum. Kafin tashin, ana basu labarin su a Duniya, kuma jiragen ruwa suna kawo jita-jita daidai da oda. Zuwan jirgin jigilar kaya koyaushe hutu ne, saboda “manyan motocin” suna ba da sabbin fruitsa fruitsan itace da kayan marmari a kowane lokaci, da kuma duk abubuwan mamakin dafuwa.
13. 'Yan sama jannati a cikin ISS sun shiga cikin gudun kar wutar wasannin Olympic kafin wasannin a Sochi. Ma'aikatan Mikhail Tyurin ne suka isar da tochin zuwa zagaye. 'Yan saman jannatin sun yi hoto tare da shi a cikin tashar da kuma cikin sararin samaniya. Sannan masu dawowa suka sauko dashi tare da shi zuwa Duniya. Daga wannan tocilan ne Irina Rodnina da Vladislav Tretyak suka kunna wuta a cikin babban kwano na filin wasan na Fisht.
14. Abun takaici, lokacin da shahararrun mutane suka zagaye cosmonauts kuma aka kimanta aikin su gwargwadon yadda ya dace. Sai dai in har yanzu ana ba da taken “Jarumin Rasha” ga duk wanda ya yi sararin samaniya. Ga sauran, 'yan sama jannati kusan suna daidaita da ma'aikata na yau da kullun da ke aiki don albashi (idan mai yi musu hidima ya zo wurin cosmonauts, dole ne ya yi murabus). A 2006, 'yan jarida sun buga wasika daga cosmonauts 23 suna neman su samar musu da matsuguni wanda doka ta tanada tuntuni. Wasikar ta shafi Shugaban Rasha. V. Putin ya ɗora masa ƙuduri mai kyau kuma da lafazi ya buƙaci jami'ai su warware batun ba wai "aiki da hukuma" ba. Koda bayan irin wadannan abubuwan da shugaban ya yi ba tare da shakku ba, jami'ai sun ba da gidaje ga masu ba da izini biyu kawai, kuma wasu 5 sun gane su suna bukatar inganta yanayin rayuwarsu.
15. Labarin tare da tashi daga cosmonauts daga filin jirgin saman Chkalovsky kusa da Moscow zuwa Baikonur shima abin nuni ne. Shekaru da yawa, jirgin ya gudana a 8: 00 bayan karin kumallo na al'ada. Amma sai jami'an tsaron kan iyaka da jami'an kwastan da ke aiki a filin jirgin suka yi farin cikin nada canjin canjin na wannan awa. Yanzu cosmonauts da rakiyar mutane sun bar ko dai a baya ko kuma daga baya - kamar yadda masu bin doka suke so.
16. Kamar yadda yake cikin teku wasu mutane suna wahalar da ciwon teku, don haka a sararin samaniya wasu somean sama jannatin wani lokacin suna samun matsala daga cutar sararin samaniya. Dalilai da alamomin wadannan cututtukan kiwon lafiya iri daya ne. Rikici a cikin aikin kayan aiki, sanadiyyar birgima cikin teku da rashin nauyi a sararin samaniya, yana haifar da tashin zuciya, rauni, daidaito mara kyau, da dai sauransu. Tunda matsakaita dan sama jannati ya fi karfi fiye da matsakaicin fasinja a jirgin ruwa, cutar sararin samaniya galibi tana zuwa cikin sauki kuma tana wucewa cikin sauri ...
17. Bayan dogon shawagin sararin samaniya, ‘yan sama jannati sun dawo Duniya tare da matsalar rashin ji. Dalilin wannan haɓaka shine yawan surutu na baya-baya a tashar. Akwai na'urori da yawa da magoya baya masu aiki a lokaci guda, suna haifar da amo tare da ƙarfin kusan 60 - 70 dB. Tare da irin wannan amo, mutane suna zaune a hawa na farko na gidajen kusa da tashar motar. Mutum cikin nutsuwa yakan dace da wannan matakin amo. Bugu da ƙari, jin cosmonaut yana rikodin ɗan canji a cikin sautin mutum. Brainwaƙwalwar tana aika siginar haɗari - wani abu baya aiki kamar yadda yakamata. Mafarkin kowane ɗan sama jannati shine tsit a tashar. Yana nufin katsewar wutar lantarki kuma, bisa ga haka, haɗarin mutum. Abin farin ciki, babu wanda ya taɓa jin cikakken shuru a cikin tashar sararin samaniya. Cibiyar kula da mishan ta taba aikawa da kuskuren umarni zuwa tashar Mir don kashe mafi yawan magoya baya, amma 'yan sama jannati masu bacci suka farka kuma suka yi kara tun kafin magoya bayan suka tsaya gaba daya.
18. Ko ta yaya Hollywood ta shiga cikin shirinta na bincike game da makomar tagwaye 'yan uwan juna,' yan sama jannatin nan Scott da Mark Kelly. Ta hanyar hanyoyi masu saurin gaske, tagwayen sun sami kwarewar matukan jirgin soji, sannan sun zo ga 'yan sama jannatin. Scott ya shiga sararin samaniya a karon farko a shekarar 1999. Mark ya shiga cikin kewayawa shekaru biyu daga baya. A cikin 2011, ya kamata tagwayen su hadu a kan ISS, inda Scott ya kasance yana kan aiki tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar da ta gabata, amma an dage jinkirin fara Endeavor karkashin umarnin Mark. An tilastawa Scott komawa Duniya ba tare da haduwa da Mark ba, amma tare da rikodin Ba'amurke - kwanaki 340 a sararin samaniya a cikin jirgi daya, da kwanaki 520 na jimillar sararin samaniya. Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2016, shekaru 5 daga baya fiye da ɗan'uwansa. Mark Kelly ya bar aikin sararin samaniya don taimaka wa matarsa. Matarsa, 'yar majalisa Gabrielle Giffords, ta samu mummunan rauni a kai ta mahaukacin Jared Lee Lofner, wanda ya shirya wani harbi a babban kanti na 2011.
19. ofaya daga cikin mahimman nasarorin Soviet cosmonautics shine rawar Vladimir Dzhanibekov da Viktor Savinykh, waɗanda a shekarar 1985 suka sake farfaɗo da tashar zirga-zirgar Salyut-7. Tashar mita 14 ta riga ta ɓace kusan, wani mataccen kumbo ya zagaya Duniya. Mako guda cosmonauts, waɗanda ke aiki sau ɗaya don dalilai na tsaro, sun dawo da mafi ƙarancin tashar tashar, kuma a cikin wata ɗaya Salyut-7 aka gyara gaba ɗaya. Ba shi yiwuwa a zabi ko ma a zo da wani kwatancen aikin duniya wanda aikin Dzhanibekov da Savinykh suka yi. Fim ɗin "Salute-7", a ƙa'ida, ba sharri ba ne, amma aiki ne na almara wanda marubutan ba za su iya yinsa ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba don lalata lamuran fasaha.Amma gabaɗaya, fim ɗin ya ba da cikakken ra'ayi game da yanayin aikin Dzhanibekov da Savinykh. Aikinsu yana da mahimmancin gaske ta fuskar lafiyar jirgin. Kafin jirgin Soyuz-T-13, cosmonauts, a zahiri, kamikaze ne - idan wani abu ya faru, babu inda za a jira taimako. Sojojin Soyuz-T-13 sun tabbatar, aƙalla a ka'ida, yiwuwar aiwatar da aikin ceto a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
20. Kamar yadda kuka sani, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da mahimmancin ƙarfafa dangantakar ƙasashe ta hanyar abin da ake kira. haɗin sararin samaniya Ma'aikatan mutane uku da farko sun hada da wakilan "Dimokiradiyyar Jama'a" - Czech, Pole, Bulgaria, da Vietnam. Daga nan sai cosmonauts suka tashi daga ƙasashe masu ƙawance kamar Siriya da Afghanistan (!), A ƙarshen rana, Faransawa da Jafananci sun tafi hawa. Tabbas, abokan aiki na ƙasashen waje basu da ƙayatarwa ga cosmonauts ɗinmu, kuma an horar dasu gaba ɗaya. Amma wani abu ne yayin da kasarka take da jirage na tsawon shekaru 30 a bayanta, wani abu ne kuma idan kai, matukin jirgi, ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya tare da Russia, a jirginsu, har ma a wani matsayi na karkashin kasa. Rikice-rikice daban-daban sun tashi tare da duk baƙi, amma mafi mahimmancin lamarin ya faru ne da Bafaranshe Michel Tonini. Yin nazarin sararin samaniya don zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya, ya yi mamakin dabara na gilashin gaban. Bugu da kari, akwai kuma yatsu a kai. Tonini bai gaskanta wannan gilashin zai iya tsayayya da lodi a sararin samaniya ba. Mutanen Russia suna da gajeriyar tattaunawa: "To, karɓa ku fasa!" Bafaranshe ya fara a banza don ya buge gilashin da duk abin da ya zo hannu. Ganin cewa abokin aikin na waje yana cikin jihar da ta dace, sai masu mallakar ba da gangan suka zame masa ƙuƙumi (a bayyane yake, a Cosmonaut Training Center suna riƙe da sanduna don tsananin tsanani), amma tare da sharadin cewa idan aka gaza, Tonini ya fitar da mafi kyawun tambarin Faransa. Gilashin ya tsira, amma cognac ɗinmu ba shi da kyau.
