Jean-Paul Charles Aimard Sartre (1905-1980) - Falsafa Bafaranshe, wakilin wanzuwar kasancewar babu Allah, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci kuma malami. Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta adabi a shekarar 1964, wanda ya ki.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Jean-Paul Sartre, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Sartre.
Tarihin rayuwar Jean-Paul Sartre
An haifi Jean-Paul Sartre a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1905 a Paris. Ya girma a cikin gidan soja Jean-Baptiste Sartre da matarsa Anne-Marie Schweitzer. Shi kadai ne iyayen iyayensa.
Yara da samari
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar Jean-Paul ya faru yana da shekara ɗaya, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu. Bayan haka, dangin sun koma gidan iyayensu a Meudon.
Mahaifiyar tana matukar kaunar danta, tana kokarin samar masa da duk abin da yake bukata. Ya kamata a lura cewa Jean-Paul an haife shi da ƙyallen ido na hagu da ƙaya a idonsa na dama.
Kulawa da uwa da dangi sosai ya bunkasa a cikin yaron kamar halaye irin na narcissism da girman kai.
Duk da cewa duk dangi sun nuna ƙauna ta gaskiya ga Sartre, bai rama musu ba. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a cikin aikinsa "Lay", masanin falsafar ya kira rayuwa a cikin gidan jahannama cike da munafunci.
A hanyoyi da yawa, Jean-Paul ya zama mara imani da Allah saboda yanayin tashin hankali a cikin iyali. Kakarsa 'yar Katolika ce, yayin da kakansa Furotesta ne. Saurayin ya kasance sheda ne a kai a kai game da yadda suke yi wa junan su ba'a game da ra'ayin addini.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Sartre yana jin cewa duka addinan biyu ba su da wata daraja.
Yayinda yake matashi, yayi karatu a Lyceum, daga nan kuma yaci gaba da karbar karatun sa a Higher Normal School. Ya kasance a wancan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa ya sami sha'awar gwagwarmaya da iko.
Falsafa da Adabi
Bayan nasarar kare kundin iliminsa na falsafa kuma yayi aiki a matsayin malamin falsafa a Le Havre Lyceum, Jean-Paul Sartre ya tafi atisaye a Berlin. Dawowarsa gida, ya ci gaba da koyarwa a ɗakunan karatu daban-daban.
Sartre ya bambanta da kyakkyawar ma'anar barkwanci, ƙwarewar ilimi da ƙwarewa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin shekara guda ya sami damar karanta littattafai sama da 300! A lokaci guda, ya rubuta wakoki, wakoki da labarai.
A lokacin ne Jean-Paul ya fara buga manyan ayyukansa na farko. Labarinsa Nausea (1938) ya haifar da babban martaba a cikin al'umma. A ciki, marubucin ya yi magana game da wauta na rayuwa, hargitsi, rashin ma'anar rayuwa, yanke kauna da sauran abubuwa.
Babban halayen wannan littafin ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa samun ma'ana kawai ta hanyar kerawa. Bayan haka, Sartre ya gabatar da wani aikin - tarin gajerun labarai biyar "The Wall", wanda kuma ya dace da mai karatu.
Lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945) ya fara, an saka Jean-Paul cikin aikin soja, amma hukumar ta bayyana shi bai cancanci yin aiki ba saboda makantar sa. A sakamakon haka, an sanya mutumin zuwa ƙungiyar masu nazarin yanayi.
Lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka mamaye Faransa a 1940, an kame Sartre, inda ya kwashe kimanin watanni 9. Amma ko da a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai wuya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasance da bege game da nan gaba.
Jean-Paul ya so ya ba maƙwabta dariya a cikin bariki tare da labarai masu ban dariya, ya halarci wasannin dambe har ma ya iya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1941, an saki fursunoni mai rabin makaho, sakamakon haka ya sami damar komawa rubutu.
Bayan wasu shekaru, Sartre ya buga wasan ƙyamar fascist F The Flies. Ya ƙi jinin 'yan Nazi kuma ya raina kowa ba tare da yin ƙoƙari don tsayayya da Nazis ba.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwarsa, littattafan Jean-Paul Sartre sun riga sun shahara sosai. Ya more mulki tsakanin wakilai na manyan jama'a da na talakawa. Ayyukan da aka buga sun ba shi damar barin koyarwa da mai da hankali kan falsafa da adabi.
A lokaci guda, Sartre ya zama marubucin binciken ilimin falsafa da ake kira "Kasancewa da Babu Komai", wanda ya zama littafin tunani ga masu ilimin Faransa. Marubucin ya inganta tunanin cewa babu hankali, amma kawai wayewar kai ne game da duniya da ke kewaye da shi. Bugu da ƙari, kowane mutum yana da alhakin ayyukansa ga kansa kawai.
Jean-Paul ya zama ɗayan fitattun wakilai na wanzuwar kasancewar babu Allah, wanda ya ƙi gaskiyar cewa a bayan halittu (abubuwan al'ajabi) za a iya samun wani abu mai ban al'ajabi (Allah) wanda ke ƙayyade “ainihin” su ko gaskiyar su.
Ra'ayoyin falsafar Bafaranshen sun yi daidai da yawancin 'yan kasarsa, sakamakon haka yana da mabiya da yawa. Maganar Sartre - "mutum ya yanke hukunci don ya sami 'yanci", ya zama sanannen taken.
A cewar Jean-Paul, kyakkyawan 'yancin dan Adam shi ne' yanci na kowane mutum daga jama'a. Ya kamata a lura cewa yana sukar ra'ayin Sigmund Freud game da sume. Sabanin haka, mai tunani ya bayyana cewa mutum yana aiki koyaushe.
Bugu da ƙari, a cewar Sartre, har ma da hare-haren baƙaƙen fata ba na ɓata lokaci ba ne, amma da gangan aka birgima. A cikin shekarun 60s, ya kasance a saman shahararrun mutane, yana barin kansa ya soki cibiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a da dokoki.
Lokacin da a shekarar 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre yake son gabatar da kyautar Nobel a Adabi, sai ya ƙi. Ya bayyana abin da ya aikata ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ba ya son a ci bashi a kowace cibiyoyin zamantakewar al'umma, yana tambayar kansa 'yancin kansa.
Sartre koyaushe yana bin ra'ayin masu ra'ayin hagu, bayan da ya sami suna a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya mai adawa da gwamnatin yanzu. Ya kare yahudawa, yayi zanga-zangar adawa da yakin Algeria da Vietnam, ya zargi Amurka da mamaye Cuba, da USSR na Czechoslovakia. An banka gidan nasa sau biyu, kuma mayakan sun ruga cikin ofishin.
A yayin wata zanga-zangar, wacce ta rikide zuwa tarzoma, an kamo masanin falsafar, wanda ya haifar da mummunan fushi a cikin al'umma. Da dai aka sanar da Charles de Gaulle wannan, ya ba da umarnin sakin Sartre, yana mai cewa: "Faransa ba ta jefa Voltaires a kurkuku."
Rayuwar mutum
Yayinda yake dalibi, Sartre ya sadu da Simone de Beauvoir, wanda tare da shi ya sami yaren gama gari tare. Daga baya, yarinyar ta yarda cewa ta same ta ninki biyu. A sakamakon haka, matasa suka fara rayuwa a cikin aure.
Kuma kodayake ma'aurata suna da abubuwa da yawa a tsakaninsu, a lokaci guda dangantakar tasu tana tare da abubuwa masu ban mamaki da yawa. Misali, Jean-Paul ya fito fili ya yaudare Simone, wanda shi ma, ya yaudare shi da maza da mata.
Bugu da ƙari, masoyan sun rayu a cikin gidaje daban-daban kuma sun haɗu lokacin da suke so. Daya daga cikin matan Sartre ita ce 'yar Rasha Olga Kazakevich, wacce ta sadaukar da aikin "Bangon". Ba da daɗewa ba Beauvoir ya yaudare Olga ta hanyar rubuta littafin da ta zo don kasancewa cikin mutuncinta.
A sakamakon haka, Kozakevich ya zama "aboki" na dangi, yayin da mai falsafar ya fara neman 'yar uwarta Wanda. Daga baya, Simone ta kulla kawance da matashiya dalibarta Natalie Sorokina, wacce daga baya ta zama uwargidan Jean-Paul.
Koyaya, lokacin da lafiyar Sartre ta tabarbare kuma tuni yana kwance, Simone Beauvoir yana tare dashi koyaushe.
Mutuwa
A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Jean-Paul ya zama makaho kwata-kwata saboda ci gaban glaucoma. Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa, ya nemi da kada a shirya wata jana'iza mai kyau kuma kada a rubuta ƙazamar sanarwa game da shi, tunda ba ya son munafunci.
Jean-Paul Sartre ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1980 yana da shekara 74. Dalilin mutuwarsa shine cutar huhu. Kimanin mutane dubu hamsin ne suka zo hanyar karshe ta falsafa.
Hoton Jean-Paul Sartre
