Adamu Smith - Masanin tattalin arziki dan kasar Scotland kuma mai ilimin falsafa, daya daga cikin wadanda suka assasa ka'idar tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya, wanda ya kafa makarantar gargajiya.
Tarihin rayuwar Adam Smith cike yake da abubuwa da dama da kuma abubuwa masu ban sha'awa daga rayuwarsa.
Mun kawo muku takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Adam Smith.
Tarihin rayuwar Adam Smith
An haifi Adam Smith a ranar 5 ga Yuni (16), 1723 a cikin babban birnin Scotland - Edinburgh. Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin iyali mai ilimi.
Mahaifinsa, Adam Smith, ya mutu 'yan makonni bayan haihuwar ɗansa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya da jami'in kwastam. Mahaifiyar masanin kimiyyar nan gaba, Margaret Douglas, 'yar wani hamshakin mai ƙasa ne.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Adam bai kai shekara 4 da haihuwa ba, gypsies sun sace shi. Koyaya, saboda kokarin kawunsa da abokan dangin, an sami jaririn an mayar da shi ga mahaifiyarsa.
Tun daga yarinta, Smith ya sami damar yin amfani da littattafai da yawa, wanda daga ciki ya ciro ilimi iri-iri. Bayan ya kai shekaru 14, ya sami nasarar cin jarabawa a Jami'ar Glasgow.
Sannan Adam ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, ya yi karatu a can tsawon shekaru 6. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya kasance yana rashin lafiya koyaushe, yana ba da duk lokacin da yake ba da dama ga karatun littattafai.
A cikin 1746, mutumin ya tafi Kirkcaldy, inda ya ilmantar da kansa kimanin shekaru 2.
Ra'ayoyi da binciken Adam Smith
Lokacin da Smith yake 25, ya fara lacca a Jami'ar Edinburgh a fannin shari'a, adabin Ingilishi, ilimin halayyar jama'a da tattalin arziki. A wannan lokacin ne a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar matsalolin tattalin arziki.
Bayan wasu shekaru, Adam ya gabatar da nasa ra'ayoyi game da sassaucin tattalin arziki ga jama'a. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sadu da David Hume, wanda yake da irin wannan ra'ayi ba kawai na tattalin arziki ba, har ma da siyasa, addini da falsafa.
A cikin 1751, an nada Adam Smith farfesa a fannin tunani a Jami'ar Glasgow, sannan daga baya aka zabe shi Shugaban Kwalejin.
A cikin 1759 Smith ya buga Theory of Moral Sentiments. A ciki, ya soki tushen cocin, kuma ya yi kira da daidaiton mutane.
Bayan haka, masanin ya gabatar da aikin "Bincike kan yanayi da dalilan arzikin al'ummomi." A nan marubucin ya ba da nasa ra'ayoyin game da rawar rabon aiki da sukar mulkin mallaka.
A cikin littafin, Adam Smith ya tabbatar da abin da ake kira ka'idar rashin shiga tsakani - koyaswar tattalin arziki wanda ya dace da shigar gwamnati cikin tattalin arzikin ya zama kadan.
Godiya ga ra'ayoyinsa, Smith ya sami babban shahara ba kawai a cikin mahaifarsa ba, har ma da nesa da iyakokinta.
Daga baya, masanin falsafar ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai. Yayinda yake ziyartar Geneva, ya haɗu da Voltaire a gidansa. A Faransa, ya sami damar fahimtar ra'ayoyin Physiocrats.
Bayan dawowarsa gida, an zabi Adam Smith a matsayin Aboki na Royal Society of London. A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1767-1773. ya jagoranci salon rayuwa, yana yin rubutu kawai.
Smith ya zama sananne a duniya saboda littafinsa The Wealth of Nations, wanda aka buga a 1776. Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, marubucin ya bayyana a cikin kowane daki-daki yadda tattalin arziki zai iya aiki a yanayin cikakken 'yancin tattalin arziki.
Hakanan, aikin yayi magana game da kyawawan halaye na son kai. An jaddada mahimmancin rarraba kwadago da kuma girman kasuwa don ci gaban yawan aiki.
Duk wannan ya sa ya yiwu a kalli tattalin arziki azaman kimiyya ce bisa ka'idar koyar da aikin kyauta.
A cikin ayyukansa, Smith ya tabbatar da aikin kasuwa kyauta bisa tsarin tattalin arzikin cikin gida, kuma ba ta hanyar tasirin manufofin kasashen waje ba. Wannan hanyar har yanzu ana ɗaukarta asasin ilimin tattalin arziki.
Zai yiwu mafi shahararren aphorism na Adam Smith shine “hannun da ba a gani”. Mahimmancin wannan jumlar ita ce, fa'idar da mutum zai samu ta hanyar biyan buƙatun wani ne kawai.
A sakamakon haka, “hanun da ba a gani” na karfafa gwiwar masu kera don su fahimci maslahohin wasu mutane, kuma, sakamakon haka, zaman lafiyar dukkan al'umma.
Rayuwar mutum
A cewar wasu kafofin, Adam Smith ya kusan yin aure sau biyu, amma saboda wasu dalilai ya ci gaba da karatunsa.
Masanin ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa da kuma dan uwan mahaifiyarsa da ba su yi aure ba. A lokacin hutu, yana son ziyartar gidajen kallo. Kari kan haka, yana son tatsuniya ta kowace irin bayyanuwa.
A tsayi na shahararsa da cikakken albashi, Smith yayi rayuwa mai kyau. Yayi ayyukan sadaka kuma ya cika dakin karatun sa.
A cikin mahaifarsa, Adam Smith yana da nasa kulob. A matsayinka na mai mulki, a ranar Lahadi, ya shirya liyafa ta abokantaka. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine ya taɓa ziyartar Princess Ekaterina Dashkova.
Smith ya sa kaya na yau da kullun kuma yakan ɗauki kara tare dashi. Wani lokaci mutum yakan fara magana da kansa, ba mai da hankali ga mutanen da ke kusa da shi ba.
Mutuwa
A shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, Adam ya yi fama da cutar hanji, wanda ya zama babban dalilin mutuwarsa.
Adam Smith ya mutu a Edinburgh a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1790 yana da shekara 67.
