Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - masanin ilimin lissafi, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani, wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi (1921). Babban digirin girmamawa na kusan manyan jami'o'in 20 a duniya kuma memba na yawan Jami'o'in Kimiyya. Ya yi magana kan yaki da amfani da makamin nukiliya, yana mai kiran fahimtar juna tsakanin mutane.
Einstein marubuci ne sama da 300 na takardun kimiyya a kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma litattafai kusan 150 da makaloli da suka shafi fannoni daban daban. Addamar da ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci na zahiri, gami da dangantaka ta musamman da ta gaba ɗaya.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Einstein, wanda zamu fada a cikin wannan labarin. Af, kula da kayan da suka danganci Einstein:
- Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa da labarai masu ban dariya daga rayuwar Einstein
- Zaɓaɓɓun maganganun Einstein
- Rikicin Einstein
- Me yasa Einstein ya nuna harshensa
Don haka, a gabanku akwai gajeriyar tarihin Albert Einstein.
Tarihin Einstein
An haifi Albert Einstein ne a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1879 a garin Ulm na kasar Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin yahudawa.
Mahaifinsa, Hermann Einstein, ya kasance mai mallakar owneran ƙaramin masana'antar cika fuka-fukai don katifa da gadaje masu gashin tsuntsu. Mahaifiyata, Paulina, 'yar wani hamshakin mai fataucin masara ne.
Yara da samari
Kusan kusan bayan haihuwar Albert, dangin Einstein sun koma Munich. Tun yana yaro na iyayen da ba su da addini, ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Katolika kuma har zuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12 yaro ne mai zurfin addini.
Albert ya kasance mai ja da baya kuma mara magana, kuma shima bai banbanta da kowace irin nasara a makaranta ba. Akwai sigar da aka ambata wacce a lokacin yarinta bai sami ikon koyo ba.
Shaidar ta faɗi ƙaramin aikin da ya nuna a makaranta da kuma gaskiyar cewa ya fara tafiya da magana a makare.
Koyaya, yawancin ra'ayin Einstein sunyi sabani game da wannan ra'ayi. Tabbas, malamai sun kushe shi saboda jinkirinsa da rashin iya aikinsa, amma har yanzu wannan bai ce komai ba.
Maimakon haka, dalilin wannan shi ne ɗabi'ar ɗalibi da ta wuce gona da iri, hanyoyin koyarwa marasa inganci a wancan lokacin da kuma takamaiman tsarin kwakwalwa.
Tare da wannan duka, ya kamata a yarda cewa Albert bai san yadda ake magana ba har zuwa shekara 3, kuma tun yana ɗan shekara 7 da ƙyar ya koyi furta kalmomin mutum. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, har a lokacin yarinta, ya sami irin wannan mummunan ra'ayi game da yaƙin har ma ya ƙi yin soja.
Tun yana ƙarami, Einstein ya burge kompasi da mahaifinsa ya ba shi. Mu'ujiza ce ta ainihi a gareshi ganin yadda allurar kompas take nuna hanya guda koyaushe, duk da juyawar na'urar.
Uncleaunarsa ga ilimin lissafi an girka shi cikin Albert ta wurin kawunsa Yakubu, wanda ya yi karatun littattafai daban-daban tare da shi da kuma warware misalai. Har ma a wannan lokacin, masanin kimiyya na gaba ya haɓaka sha'awar ainihin ilimin kimiyya.
Bayan tashi daga makaranta, Einstein ya zama dalibi a gidan motsa jiki na gida. Malaman har yanzu suna dauke shi kamar dalibi mai raunin hankali, saboda lahani na magana. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa saurayin yana sha'awar waɗancan fannoni ne kawai da yake so, ba ƙoƙari ya sami manyan lambobi a tarihi, adabi da nazarin Jamusanci ba.
Albert ya ƙi jinin zuwa makaranta, saboda ya yi imanin cewa malamai suna da girman kai da iko. Sau da yawa yakan yi jayayya da malamai, sakamakon haka halin da ake yi da shi ya daɗa ta'azzara.
Ba tare da kammala karatun motsa jiki ba, matashin ya tashi tare da danginsa zuwa Italiya. Kusan nan da nan, Einstein yayi ƙoƙari ya shiga makarantar Fasaha mafi girma wanda ke cikin garin Switzerland na Zurich. Ya sami nasarar cin jarrabawar a cikin lissafi, amma ya kasa cin ganyayyaki da Faransanci.
Shugaban makarantar ya shawarci saurayin da ya gwada hannunsa a wata makaranta da ke Aarau. A cikin wannan makarantar ilimi, Albert ya sami damar samun takardar sheda, bayan haka har yanzu ya shiga Zurich Polytechnic.
Ayyukan kimiyya
A shekarar 1900, Albert Einstein ya kammala karatunsa daga kwalejin kere kere, ya zama babban malami kwararre a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. Yana da kyau a lura cewa babu daya daga cikin malaman da yake son taimaka masa don bunkasa aikinsa na kimiyya.
A cewar Einstein, malamai ba sa son shi saboda koyaushe yana kasancewa mai cin gashin kansa kuma yana da ra'ayinsa game da wasu batutuwa. Da farko dai, mutumin ba zai iya samun aiki ko'ina ba. Ba tare da samun kudin shiga ba, sau da yawa yakan yi yunwa. Ya faru cewa bai ci abinci ba har tsawon kwanaki.
Bayan lokaci, abokai sun taimaka wa Albert ya sami aiki a ofishin lasisi, inda ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo. A shekarar 1904 ya fara wallafawa a cikin mujallar nan ta Jamus mai suna Annals of Physics.
Bayan shekara guda, mujallar ta buga fitattun ayyuka 3 na masanin ilmin lissafi wanda ya kawo canji ga duniyar kimiyya. An sadaukar dasu ga ka'idar dangantaka, ka'idar jimla da motsi na Brownian. Bayan haka, marubucin labaran ya sami babban shahara da iko tsakanin abokan aiki.
Ka'idar dangantaka
Albert Einstein ya kasance mafi nasara wajen haɓaka ka'idar dangantaka. Ra'ayoyinsa a zahiri sun sake fasalin tunanin kimiyya na zahiri, wanda a baya ya dogara da injiniyoyin Newtonian.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa tsarin ka'idar dangantakar ta kasance mai rikitarwa ta yadda wasu mutane kalilan ne suka fahimce ta sosai. Sabili da haka, a makarantu da jami'o'i, ka'idoji na musamman na dangantaka (SRT) ne kawai aka koyar, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na gaba ɗaya.
Ya yi magana game da dogaro da sararin samaniya da lokaci akan saurin: da sauri abu ke motsawa, mafi girman gurɓatuwa da girmansa da lokaci.
A cewar SRT, tafiyar lokaci na yiwuwa ne a karkashin yanayin shawo kan saurin haske, saboda haka, bisa rashin yiwuwar irin wannan tafiye-tafiyen, an gabatar da iyakancewa: saurin kowane jiki ba zai iya wuce saurin haske ba.
A ƙananan hanyoyi, sarari da lokaci ba su gurbata ba, wanda ke nufin cewa a cikin irin waɗannan halaye ana amfani da dokokin gargajiya na kanikanci. Koyaya, a cikin sauri mai sauri, murdiya ta zama sananne don tabbatar da shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.
Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa ne na musamman da na gaba ɗaya.
An zabi Albert Einstein sau da yawa don kyautar Nobel. A cikin 1921 ya sami wannan lambar girmamawa "Don aiyuka ga ilimin lissafi da kuma gano dokar tasirin tasirin hoto."
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Einstein ya cika shekaru 26, ya auri wata yarinya mai suna Mileva Maric. Bayan shekaru 11 da aure, an sami sabani mai tsanani tsakanin ma'auratan. Dangane da wata sigar, Mileva ba za ta iya gafarta yawan rashin amincin mijinta, wanda ake zargin yana da mata kusan 10.
Koyaya, don kada a sake shi, Albert ya ba wa matar kwantiragin zama, inda aka tilasta wa kowane ɗayansu yin wasu ayyuka. Misali, dole ne mace ta yi wanki da sauran ayyuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kwangilar ba ta samar da wata kyakkyawar dangantaka ba. Saboda wannan dalili, Albert da Mileva sun yi bacci daban. A cikin wannan haɗin, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, ɗayan ya mutu a asibitin ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi ba shi da dangantaka da na biyun.
Daga baya, duk da haka ma'auratan sun sake su bisa hukuma, bayan haka Einstein ya auri ɗan uwansa Elsa Leventhal. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, mutumin yana kuma son diyar Elsa, wacce ba ta rama ba.
Mutanen zamanin Albert Einstein sunyi magana game da shi a matsayin mutum mai kirki da adalci wanda baya tsoron yarda da kuskuren sa.
Akwai tarihin rayuwarsa da yawa. Misali, kusan bai taba sanya safa ba kuma baya son goge hakora. Ga dukkan hazikan masanin, bai tuna abubuwa masu sauki ba, kamar lambobin waya.
Mutuwa
Kwanakin baya kafin rasuwarsa, lafiyar Einstein ta tabarbare sosai. Likitoci sun gano cewa yana da cutar sanyin jiki, amma masanin kimiyyar lissafi bai yarda da aikin ba.
Ya rubuta wasiyya ya ce wa abokansa: "Na gama aiki na a Duniya." A wannan lokacin, masanin tarihi Bernard Cohen ya ziyarci Einstein, wanda ya tuno:
Na san cewa Einstein babban mutum ne kuma babban masanin ilimin lissafi, amma ban san komai game da yanayin ɗabi'arsa ba, game da alherinsa da yawan barkwancinsa. Yayin tattaunawar tamu, ba a ji cewa mutuwa ta kusa ba. Hankalin Einstein ya wanzu a raye, yana da wayo kuma da alama yana da fara'a.
Daar uwar Margot ta tuna da haduwarta ta ƙarshe da Einstein a asibiti tare da waɗannan kalmomin:
Ya yi magana da nutsuwa sosai, game da likitoci har ma da walwala, kuma ya jira mutuwarsa a matsayin “sabon abu mai zuwa na dabi’a”. Yaya rashin tsoro a rayuwa, yaya nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali ya hadu da mutuwa. Ba tare da wata damuwa ba kuma ba tare da nadama ba, ya bar duniyar nan.
Albert Einstein ya mutu a Princeton a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1955 yana da shekara 76. Kafin rasuwarsa, masanin ya faɗi wani abu a Jamusanci, amma mai jinyar ba ta iya fahimtar ma'anar kalmomin ba, saboda ba ta jin Jamusanci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Einstein, wanda yake da mummunar ɗabi'a game da kowane irin nau'in ɗabi'a, ya hana a binne gawa tare da manyan bukukuwa. Ya so a ɓoye wurin da lokacin binne shi.
A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1955, aka yi jana'izar babban masanin kimiyyar ba tare da yadawa ba, wanda ya samu halartar sama da mutane 10. Jikinsa ya ƙone kuma tokarsa ta bazu cikin iska.
Dukkanin hotunan Einstein da babu kamarsu, duba anan.
