Labarin da Mikhail Alexandrovich Bulgakov (1891 - 1940) "The Master and Margarita" ya fara bugawa kwata kwata bayan mutuwar marubucin, a 1966. Aikin kusan kusan nan take ya sami babban shahara - a ɗan lokaci kaɗan ana kiransa "Baibul na sittin". 'Yan matan makarantar sun karanta labarin soyayyar Jagora da Margarita. Mutanen da ke da tunani na falsafa sun bi tattaunawar tsakanin Pontius Pilato da Yeshua. Magoya bayan littattafan nishaɗi sun yi wa Muscovites marasa sa'a dariya, waɗanda matsalar gidaje ta lalata su, waɗanda Woland da abokan aikin sa suka sa su a cikin wawan matsayi.
Jagora da Margarita littafi ne maras lokaci, kodayake masana ilimin adabi sun danganta aikin da 1929. Kamar dai yadda za a iya motsa al'amuran Moscow rabin karni na baya ko gaba tare da ƙananan canje-canje kaɗai, don haka tattaunawar tsakanin Pontius Pilato da Yeshua na iya faruwa rabin miloniya a baya ko daga baya. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa littafin yake kusanci da kusan mutane masu shekaru daban-daban.
Bulgakov ya sha wahala ta littafinsa. Ya yi aiki a kai sama da shekara 10, kuma bai sami nasarar gama makircin ba bayan ya gama rubutun. Dole ne matar sa Elena Sergeevna ta yi hakan, wanda ya fi mijinta sa'a - ta rayu don ganin fitowar Jagora da Margarita. E. S. Bulgakova ta cika alkawarin da ta yi wa mijinta kuma ta buga wani labari. Amma nauyin halayyar ya yi nauyi sosai har ma da irin wannan mace mai dagewa - kasa da shekaru 3 bayan fitowar farko ta littafin, Elena Sergeevna, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin samfurin Margarita, ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya.
1. Kodayake an fara aiki a kan labarin ne a 1928 ko 1929, a karon farko Mikhail Bulgakov ya karanta "The Master and Margarita" ga abokansa a cikin sigar da ta fi kusa da wacce aka buga a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2 da 14 ga Mayu, 1939. Mutane 10 sun halarta: matar marubuciya Elena da danta Yevgeny, shugaban sashen adabi na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater Pavel Markov da ma'aikacinsa Vitaly Vilenkin, mai zane Pyotr Williams tare da matarsa, Olga Bokshanskaya ('yar'uwar Elena Bulgakova) da mijinta, dan wasan kwaikwayo Yevgeny Kaluzhsky, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo Alex da matarsa. Yana da halayyar cewa kawai karatun ɓangaren ƙarshe, wanda ya faru a tsakiyar watan Mayu, ya kasance cikin tunaninsu. Masu sauraro gaba ɗayansu sun ce ba zai yuwu a dogara da buga littafin ba - yana da haɗari ko da kawai a miƙa shi ga takunkumi. Koyaya, sanannen mai sukar kuma mai wallafa N. Angarsky yayi magana game da wannan a cikin 1938, bayan da ya ji surori uku kawai na aikin nan gaba.
2. Marubuci Dmitry Bykov ya lura cewa Mosko a 1938-1939 ya zama dandalin fitattun ayyukan adabi guda uku lokaci guda. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin duka littattafan uku, Moscow ba kawai shimfidar wuri bane wanda aikin ya bayyana. Kusan garin ya zama ƙarin halayya a cikin littafin. Kuma a cikin dukkan ayyukan ukun, wakilan wasu duniyan duniyan sun isa babban birnin Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan Woland ne a cikin Jagora da Margarita. Mikhail Bulgakov, genie Hasan Abdurakhman ibn-Khatab a cikin labarin Lazar Lagin "The Old Man Hottabych", da mala'ika Dymkov daga aikin tarihin Leonid Leonov "Pyramid". Duk baƙi ukun sun sami kyakkyawar nasara a kasuwancin nunawa na wancan lokacin: Woland ya yi solo, Hottabych da Dymkov sun yi aiki a cikin circus. Alama ce cewa shaidan da mala'ikan sun bar Moscow, amma jigon ya sami tushe a cikin babban birnin Soviet.
3. Masu sukar adabi suna ƙidaya har zuwa bugu takwas daban-daban na The Master da Margarita. Sun canza suna, sunayen haruffa, sassan shirin, lokacin aikin har ma da salon ruwayar - a bugun farko an gudanar da shi ne a cikin mutum na farko. Aiki a bugu na takwas ya ci gaba kusan har zuwa mutuwar marubucin a 1940 - Mikhail Bulgakov ne ya yi gyare-gyare na ƙarshe a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu. Har ila yau, akwai wallafe-wallafe uku na littafin da aka gama. An bambanta su da sunayen mata masu tara abubuwa: "Edited by E. Bulgakova", "Edited by Lydia Yanovskaya", "Edited by Anna Sahakyants". Kwamitin edita na matar marubuci zai iya kebewa daban sai wadanda suke da takardu na shekarun 1960 a hannunsu; yana da matukar wahala a same su a Intanet. Haka ne, kuma rubutun bugun mujallar bai cika ba - Elena Sergeevna ta yarda cewa a yayin tattaunawar a ofishin edita na "Moscow" ta yarda da kowane canje-canje, idan kawai labari ya tafi bugawa. Anna Sahakyants, wacce ke shirya cikakken littafin farko a shekarar 1973, ta sha nanata cewa Elena Sergeevna ta yi gyare-gyare da yawa a rubutun, wanda ya kamata masu gyara su tsabtace (E. Bulgakova ya mutu a 1970). Kuma ma'aikatan edita na Sahakyants kanta da Lydia Yanovskaya ana iya rarrabe su da jimlar farko ta littafin. Sahakyants ya sami “citizensan ƙasa biyu” a tafkunan Sarki, Yanovskaya kuma ya sami “citizensan ƙasa biyu”.
4. Labarin "The Master and Margarita" an fara buga shi a cikin batutuwa biyu na mujallar adabi "Moscow", kuma waɗannan batutuwan ba sa jere. An buga sashi na farko a cikin No 11 don 1966, kuma na biyu - a cikin na 1 don 1967. An bayyana rata ne kawai - an rarraba mujallu na adabi a cikin USSR ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, kuma an bayar da shi a watan Disamba. Kashi na farko na "The Master and Margarita", wanda aka buga a watan Nuwamba tare da sanarwar sashi na biyu a cikin Janairu, ya kasance babban tallace-tallace, wanda ya jawo dubban sabbin masu biyan kuɗi. Sigar marubucin littafin labari a cikin mujallar ya samu gagarumar gyara - an rage kusan kashi 12% na rubutun. Maganar Woland game da Muscovites (“batun gidaje ya lalata su ...”), sha'awar Natasha ga uwar gidansa da duk “tsiraicin” daga bayanin kwalliyar Woland. A cikin 1967, an buga labarin a cikakke sau biyu: a cikin Estoniyanci a cikin gidan bugawa na Eesti Raamat da kuma Rasha a cikin Paris a YMKA-Press.
5. Lakabin "The Master and Margarita" ya fara bayyana ne jim kadan kafin a kammala aikin kan labari, a watan Oktoba 1937. Ba wai kawai zaɓi na kyakkyawan suna ba, irin wannan canjin yana nufin sake tunani game da ainihin aikin. Dangane da taken da suka gabata - "Hoof na Injiniya", "Mai sihiri baƙar fata", "masanin tauhidi na baƙar fata", "shaidan", "babban mai sihiri", "kokin dokin baƙon baƙi" - ya bayyana a sarari cewa littafin yakamata ya zama labari game da abubuwan da Woland yayi a Moscow. Koyaya, yayin aikinsa, M. Bulgakov ya canza yanayin ma'ana kuma ya gabatar da ayyukan Jagora da ƙaunataccensa.
6. Can baya a farkon shekarun 1970, jita-jitar da ta kasance wawa a yanayi ta bayyana, wanda, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da rayuwa a yau. A cewar wannan tatsuniyar, Ilya Ilf da Yevgeny Petrov, bayan sun saurari The Master da Margarita, sun yi wa Bulgakov alkawarin buga littafin idan ya cire surorin “dadadden”, ya bar abubuwan da ke faruwa a Moscow kawai. Mawallafa (ko marubuta) na jin ba su da cikakken kimantawa game da nauyin marubutan "kujeru 12" da "Calan Maraƙin Zinare" a cikin duniyar adabi. Ilf da Petrov sun yi aiki na dindindin a matsayinsu na uan birtani kawai na Pravda, kuma saboda rainin wayonsu galibi suna karɓar cuffs maimakon gingerbread. Wasu lokuta ma sun kasa buga feuilleton nasu ba tare da yanka da sassautawa ba.
7.A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1935, an gudanar da gagarumar liyafa a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Moscow, wanda ba shi da kama da tarihin diflomasiyyar Amurka a Rasha da Soviet Union. Sabon jakadan Amurka, William Bullitt, ya yi nasarar burge Moscow. An kawata zauren ofishin jakadancin da bishiyoyi masu rai, furanni da dabbobi. Abincin da kiɗan sun wuce yabo. Liyafar ta samu halartar dukkan fitattun Soviet, ban da I. Stalin. Tare da hannun haske na E. Bulgakova, wanda ya bayyana dabarun dalla-dalla, ana ɗaukarta kusan mahimmin abin aukuwa a tarihin Master da Margarita. An gayyaci Bulgakov - Mikhail Alexandrovich ya saba da Bullitt. Dole ne in sayi baƙar kwat da takalma a cikin Torgsin guda, wanda daga baya za a lalata shi a cikin littafin. Halin fasaha na Elena Sergeevna ya firgita da ƙirar liyafar, kuma ba ta yi nadamar launuka a cikin bayaninta ba. Ya zama cewa Bulgakov bai ma da sha'awar yin tunani game da ƙungiyar ball a cikin Shaidan ba - ya bayyana cikin ofishin jakadancin da baƙin, yana ba su sunaye daban-daban. Sauran masu binciken Bulgakov sun kara wucewa - Boris Sokolov mai ban haushi ya yage murfin daga kowa, har ma da hanzari ya bayyana mahalarta kwallon, inda ya same su samfura a cikin fitattun Soviet. Tabbas, ƙirƙirar hoton ƙwallo, Bulgakov yayi amfani da kayan ciki na Spaso-House (kamar yadda ake kiran ginin ofishin jakadancin). Koyaya, wauta ce kawai a ɗauka cewa ɗayan maƙeran fasahar duniya ba zai iya yin rubutu game da narkakken nama a kan garwashi ba ko kuma game da cikin gidan fada ba tare da halartar sanannen liyafar ba. Hazakar Bulgakov ta ba shi damar ganin abubuwan da suka faru dubban shekaru da suka gabata, balle wasu irin bukukuwa na yamma.
8. Zabar suna ga kungiyar marubuta, Bulgakov ya kare marubutan Moscow. Abilityarfin ikon ƙirƙirarwa, saboda takaitaccen magana, gajerun kalmomin da ba za a iya tunaninsu ba sun ba marubucin dariya da fusata. A cikin Bayanan kula a kan Cuffs, ya yi rubutu game da taken da ya gani a tashar, "Duvlam!" - "Shekaru ashirin na Vladimir Mayakovsky". Zai kira ƙungiyar marubuta "Vseedrupis" (Babban Abokin Marubuta), "Vsemiopis" (Societyungiyar Marubuta ta Duniya) har ma da "Vsemiopil" (Associationungiyar Marubuta da Marubuta ta Duniya). Don haka sunan ƙarshe Massolit (ko dai "Mass Literature" ko "Moscowungiyar Marubuta ta Moscow") yana da tsaka tsaki sosai. Hakazalika, sasantawar marubuci Peredelkino Bulgakov ya so ya kira "Peredrakino" ko "Dudkino", amma ya iyakance kansa ga sunan "Perelygino", kodayake shi ma ya zo ne daga kalmar "Maƙaryaci".
9. Muscovites da yawa waɗanda suka karanta “Jagora da Margarita” tuni a cikin shekarun 1970s sun tuna cewa babu layukan tarago a wurin da aka fille kan Berlioz a lokacin shekarun littafin. Yana da wuya Bulgakov bai san da wannan ba. Wataƙila, da gangan ya kashe Berlioz da tram saboda ƙiyayyar sa da irin wannan jigilar. Mikhail Aleksandrovich ya daɗe yana zama a tashar motar da ke da cunkoson mutane, yana sauraron duk sautukan da ke motsawa da na fasinjoji. Bugu da kari, a cikin wadancan shekarun hanyoyin sadarwar tara suna kara fadada, hanyoyi suna canzawa, an shimfida layukan dogo a wani wuri, an shirya musaya, kuma har yanzu tram din sun cika makil, kuma kowace tafiya ta juye zuwa azaba.
10. Yin nazarin rubutun littafin da bayanan farko na M. Bulgakov, mutum zai iya yanke hukunci cewa Margarita ita ce babbar jikanyar Sarauniya Margot, wacce Alexander Dumas ta sadaukar da littafin nasa mai suna iri ɗaya. Da farko Koroviev ya kira Margarita da “sarauniyar Margot mai haske”, sannan ya yi tsokaci kan kakarsa da kuma wani nau'in bikin aure na zubar da jini. Marguerite de Valois, samfurin Misalin Sarauniya Margot, a cikin rayuwarta mai daɗi tare da maza, sau ɗaya kawai aka aurar da ita - ga Henry na Navarse. Bikin daurin aurensu a Faris a shekarar 1572, wanda ya hada dukkanin manyan masu fada a ji a Faransa, ya kare a kisan kiyashi, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Night Bartholomew da kuma "bikin aure na jini." Tabbatar da kalmomin Koroviev da aljanar mutuwa Abadon, wanda ya kasance a Paris a daren St. Bartholomew. Amma a nan ne labarin ya ƙare - Marguerite de Valois ba shi da ɗa.
11. Wasan dara na Woland da Behemoth, wanda kusan an katse shi daga zuwan Margarita, kamar yadda kuka sani ne, an yi ta wasa da ɓangarori masu rai. Bulgakov ya kasance mai sha'awar dara. Ba wai kawai ya taka kansa bane, amma kuma yana da sha'awar wasanni da abubuwan kirkirar kirki. Bayanin wasan dara tsakanin Mikhail Botvinnik da Nikolai Ryumin ba za su iya wucewa ta gefensa ba (kuma, wataƙila, shi da kansa ya shaida). Sannan 'yan wasan dara sun yi wasa tare da sassan kai tsaye a matsayin wani bangare na gasar Moscow. Botvinnik, wanda ya yi wasa da baƙar fata, ya yi nasara a kan motsi na 36.
12. Jaruman labari "The Master and Margarita" sun bar Moscow akan Vorobyovy Gory ba wai kawai saboda ɗayan manyan wuraren birni yana can ba. An tsara Cathedral na Kristi Mai Ceto don gini a kan Tudun Sparrow. Tuni a cikin 1815, aikin ginin haikalin girmamawa ga Kristi Mai Ceto da nasarar da sojojin Rasha suka yi a cikin Yaƙin wasasa ta sami karbuwa daga Alexander I. Matashin mai tsara ginin Karl Vitberg ya shirya gina haikalin mai tsayin mita 170 daga ƙasa, tare da babban matattakala mai tsayin mita 160 da dome mai faɗin mita 90. Vitberg ya zaɓi wuri mafi kyau - a kan gangaren tsaunuka kusa da kogin fiye da babban ginin Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a yanzu. Bayan haka wani yanki ne na Moscow, wanda ke tsakanin titin Smolensk, wanda Napoleon ya zo Moscow, da Kaluga, wanda ya koma da baya cike da mutunci. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1817, aka kafa tubalin ginin haikalin. Bikin ya samu halartar mutane dubu 400. Kaico, Karl, wanda ya ƙetare kansa cikin Alexander yayin aikin ginin, bai yi la'akari da raunin ƙasar ba. An zarge shi da almubazzaranci, an dakatar da ginin, kuma an gina Cathedral na Kristi Mai Ceto a kan Volkhonka. Idan babu haikalin da majiɓinsa, Shaidan ya hau kan Sparrow Hills a cikin littafin The Master da Margarita.
13. Filin shimfidar da ke saman dutsen, wanda Pontius Bilatus yake zaune a kujera mai kujera kusa da kududdufin da ba zai mutu ba a ƙarshen littafin, yana Switzerland. Ba da nisa da garin Lucerne akwai wani tsauni mai shimfiɗa mai suna Bilatus. Ana iya ganinta a ɗayan fina-finan James Bond - akwai gidan cin abinci zagaye a saman dutsen da dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe. Kabarin Pontius Bilatus yana wani wuri kusa da nan. Kodayake, watakila, M. Bulgakov ya sami jan hankalin ne kawai ta hanyar haddin - “pilleatus” a Latin “jin hular”, kuma Dutsen Pilato, wanda ke kewaye da gajimare, galibi yana kama da hat.
14. Bulgakov yayi cikakken bayanin wuraren da aikin Master da Margarita yake gudana. Saboda haka, masu binciken sun iya gano yawancin gine-gine, gidaje, cibiyoyi da kuma gidaje. Misali, Gidan Griboyedov, wanda Bulgakov ya ƙone a ƙarshe, shi ake kira. Gidan Herzen (haƙiƙa an haife shi ne mai tashin hankali a London). Tun daga 1934, an fi saninsa da Gidan Gidan Marubuta.
15. Gidaje uku sun dace kuma basa dacewa a lokaci guda a ƙarƙashin gidan Margarita. Gidan da yake a 17 Spiridonovka ya dace da bayanin, amma bai dace da wurin ba. Gida mai lamba 12 a layin Vlasyevsky ya dace daidai a wuri, amma bisa ga bayanin ba a maƙwabtan gidan Margarita yake ba. A ƙarshe, ba da nisa ba, a 21 Ostozhenka, akwai wani katafaren gida wanda ke dauke da ofishin jakadancin ɗayan ƙasashen Larabawa. Ya yi daidai da kwatancin, kuma ba a wuri mai nisa ba, amma babu, kuma ba a taɓa kasancewa ba, lambun da Bulgakov ya bayyana.
16. Akasin haka, aƙalla gidaje biyu sun dace da mazaunin Jagora. Maigidan farko (9 layin Mansurovsky), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Sergei Topleninov, da ƙyar ya ji bayanin, ya gane dakunansa biyu a cikin ginshiki. Pavel Popov da matarsa Anna, jikanyar Leo Tolstoy, abokan Bulgakov, suma sun zauna a gidan mai lamba 9 kuma a cikin wani ɓangaren ƙasa mai hawa biyu, amma a layin Plotnikovsky.
17. Gida mai lamba 50 a cikin labari sananne ne a cikin gida mai lamba 302-bis. A cikin rayuwa ta ainihi, Bulgakov sun kasance a cikin gida mai lamba 50 a 10 Bolshaya Sadovaya Street. Dangane da bayanin gidan, sun dace daidai, Mikhail Alexandrovich ne kawai ya danganta wani bene na shida wanda babu shi ga ginin littafin. Gidan No 50 yanzu yana da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Bulgakov.
18. Torgsin ("Kasuwanci tare da Foreignasashen Waje") shine magabacin sanannen "Smolensk" deli ko Gastronome # 2 (Gastronome # 1 ya "Eliseevsky"). Torgsin ya wanzu ne kawai na yearsan shekaru kaɗan - zinare da kayan ado, waɗanda Sovietan Soviet ba za su iya saya ba ta hanyar tsarin takardun shaida-bons a Torgsin, ya ƙare, kuma an buɗe wasu shaguna ga baƙi. Koyaya, “Smolenskiy” ya adana alamar ta na dogon lokaci a cikin kewayon samfuran da kuma matakin sabis.
19. Konstantin Simonov ya ba da cikakken tallafi game da buga cikakken littafin labari "The Master and Margarita" a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da ƙasashen waje. Ga matar Bulgakov, Simonov shi ne mutumin da ificationungiyar Marubuta da ta tsananta wa Mikhail Alexandrovich - wani matashi sakatare na ofungiyar Marubuta ta USSR wanda ya yi aiki da sauri kuma ya shiga hanyoyin mulki. Elena Sergeevna kawai ƙi shi. Koyaya, Simonov yayi aiki da irin wannan kuzari wanda daga baya Elena Sergeevna ta yarda cewa yanzu tana kula dashi da irin ƙaunar da ta saba dashi.
20.Sakin Jagora da Margarita ya biyo bayan zahiri da wallafe-wallafen ƙasashen waje. A al'adance, gidajen wallafe-wallafe na ƙaura ne suka fara farauta. Bayan 'yan watanni kawai, masu buga littattafai na cikin gida sun fara buga fassarar littafin zuwa cikin harsuna daban-daban. Hakkin mallakar marubutan Soviet a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s sun haɗu da halaye mafi kyau a Turai. Saboda haka, fassarorin Italiyanci uku ko na Turkanci guda biyu na iya fitowa daga bugawa a lokaci guda. Ko da a cikin tushen gwagwarmayar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka, an buga fassarar biyu kusan lokaci guda. Gabaɗaya, an buga fassarorin littafin huɗu a cikin Jamusanci, kuma an buga ɗayan juzu'an a Bucharest. Gaskiya ne, harshen Romaniya bai ci gaba da asara ba - ya kuma sami bugun Bucharest. Bugu da ƙari, an fassara labarin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland, Spanish, Danish Sweden, Finnish, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Yaren mutanen Poland da sauran yaruka da yawa.
21. A kallon farko, Maigida da Margarita burin yan fim ne. Jarumai masu launuka, labarai guda biyu lokaci daya, soyayya, kazafi da cin amana, raha da raha. Koyaya, don ƙididdige abubuwan sauya fim ɗin almara, yatsunsu sun isa. Furodin na farko, kamar yadda aka saba, ya fito ne cike da dunƙulen. A 1972 Andrzej Wajda ya shirya fim din Pilato da Sauransu. Sunan ya riga ya bayyana - Pole ya ɗauki ɗayan labarin. Bugu da ƙari, ya motsa ci gaban adawa tsakanin Bilatus da Yesu har zuwa yau. Duk sauran daraktocin basu kirkirar sunaye na asali ba. Yugoslav Alexander Petrovich shima bai zana maƙarƙashiya biyu a lokaci ɗaya ba - a fim ɗin sa layin Bilatus da Yeshua wasa ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Yuri Kara ne ya dauki hoton fim din a 1994, wanda ya sami damar jan hankalin dukkan fitattun finafinan Rasha zuwa fim din. Fim ɗin ya zama mai kyau, amma saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin daraktan da furodusoshin, an sake hoton ne kawai a cikin shekarar 2011 - shekaru 17 bayan yin fim ɗin. A cikin 1989, an shirya fim mai kyau a cikin Poland. Theungiyar Rasha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin darekta Vladimir Bortko (2005) suma sun yi aiki mai kyau. Shahararren darektan yayi ƙoƙari ya sanya jerin talabijin kusa da matanin labari, kuma shi da ƙungiyar sun yi nasara. Kuma a cikin 2021, darektan fina-finai "Legend No. 17" da "The Crew" Nikolai Lebedev zai harba nasa fasalin abubuwan da suka faru a Yershalaim da Moscow.
