Evariste Galois (1811-1832) - Lissafin lissafi dan Faransa, wanda ya kafa algebra mafi girma, dan jamhuriya mai neman sauyi. An harbe shi a cikin duel yana da shekaru 20.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya game da Galois, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Evariste Galois.
Tarihin Galois
Evarist Galois an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1811 a cikin garin Faransa na Bourg-la-Rene. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan dan jamhuriya kuma magajin garin, Nicolas-Gabriel Galois da matarsa Adelaide-Marie Demant.
Baya ga Evariste, an haifi wasu yara biyu a cikin gidan Galois.
Yara da samari
Har zuwa shekaru 12, Evariste ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta saba da adabin gargajiya.
Bayan haka, yaron ya shiga Kwalejin Masarauta ta Louis-le-Grand. Lokacin da yake shekara 14, ya fara sha'awar lissafi sosai.
Galois ya fara nazarin ayyuka daban-daban a cikin lissafi, gami da ayyukan Niels Abelard a fagen warware ƙididdigar digiri na ba daidai ba. Ya zurfafa kansa sosai a cikin ilimin kimiyya har ya fara gudanar da nasa binciken.
Lokacin da Evariste yake ɗan shekara 17, ya buga aikinsa na farko. Koyaya, a wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwarsa bai tayar da wata sha'awa tsakanin masanan lissafi ba.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa matsalar sa sau da yawa ta wuce matakin ilimin malamai. Yana da wuya ya sanya ra'ayoyin da suka bayyana gare shi a takarda ba tare da sanin cewa ba bayyane bane ga sauran mutane.
Ilimi
Lokacin da Évariste Galois ya yi kokarin shiga makarantar Ecole Polytechnique, ba zai iya cin jarabawar sau biyu ba. Ya kamata a lura cewa yana da matukar mahimmanci a gare shi ya shiga wannan ma'aikata, tunda ta zama mafaka ga 'yan Republican.
A karo na farko, yanke hukuncin lamuran saurayi da rashin bayanin baka ya haifar da faduwa jarabawar. Shekarar mai zuwa, an hana shi shiga makaranta saboda wannan dalili wanda ya fusata shi.
Cikin rashin tsammani, Evariste ya jefi mai binciken. Bayan haka, ya aike da aikinsa ga shahararren masanin lissafin Faransa Cauchy. Ya yaba da shawarar da mutumin ya yanke, amma aikin bai samu zuwa Kwalejin Paris ba don gasar ayyukan lissafi, tunda Cauchy ta yi asara.
A cikin 1829, wani Bayahude ya buga wasu ƙasidu marasa kyau waɗanda ake zargin mahaifin Evariste ne ya rubuta (Nicholas-Gabriel Galois ya shahara da rubuta ƙasidu masu izgili). Ba zai iya jure rashin kunya ba, Galois Sr. ya yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
A cikin wannan shekarar, daga ƙarshe Evariste ya sami nasarar zama ɗalibin makarantar Babban Al'ada. Koyaya, bayan karatun shekara 1, an kori mutumin daga makarantar, saboda halartar jawaban siyasa na shugabanci na jamhuriya.
Rashin nasarar Galois bai tsaya nan ba. Lokacin da ya aika aiki tare da abubuwan da ya gano ga Fourier don shiga cikin gasar don kyautar lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Tarihi, ya mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka.
Rubutun ɗan matashin lissafin ya ɓace a wani wuri kuma Habila ya zama zakaran gasar.
Bayan wannan, Evariste ya raba ra'ayoyinsa tare da Poisson, wanda ke sukar aikin mutumin. Ya bayyana cewa dalilin Galois bashi da cikakkiyar fahimta da kuma karfin gwiwa.
Evarist ya ci gaba da wa'azin ƙa'idar Republicans, wanda sau biyu aka tura shi gidan yari na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A lokacin da yake ɗaurin kurkuku na ƙarshe, Galois ya yi rashin lafiya, dangane da hakan an sauya shi zuwa asibiti. A can ya haɗu da wata yarinya mai suna Stephanie, wacce wasiyar wani likita ce mai suna Jean-Louis.
Marubutan tarihin Evariste basu cire gaskiyar cewa rashin samun kyautatawa daga bangaren Stephanie shine babban dalilin da yayi sanadiyar mutuwar masanin kimiyyar.
Nasarorin kimiyya
Galois na shekaru 20 na rayuwarsa kuma shekaru 4 ne kawai na sha'awar ilimin lissafi, Galois ya sami damar yin manyan abubuwan bincike, godiya ga abin da aka karbe shi a matsayin ɗayan fitattun masana lissafi na karni na 19.
Mutumin ya yi nazarin matsalar gano hanyar magance matsalar rashin daidaiton digiri, inda ya gano yanayin da ya dace da asalin lissafin don yarda da magana dangane da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
A lokaci guda, sababbin hanyoyin da Evarist ya sami mafita ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman.
Matashin masanin ya kafa harsashin algebra na zamani, yana fitowa kan irin wadannan ma'anoni na asali kamar rukuni (Galois shine farkon wanda yayi amfani da wannan kalmar, yana nazarin kungiyoyi masu daidaito) da kuma wani fanni (filayen da ake kira Galois filaye).
A jajibirin mutuwarsa, Evarist ya rubuta adadin karatunsa. Gabaɗaya, ayyukansa 'yan kaɗan ne kuma an rubuta su a taƙaice, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mutanen Galois suka kasa fahimtar ainihin batun.
Sai bayan shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar masanin, Joseph Louisville ya fahimta kuma yayi tsokaci game da abubuwan da ya gano. A sakamakon haka, ayyukan Evariste sun kafa harsashin sabuwar alkibla - ka'idar tsarin kere-kere.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, tunanin Galois ya sami karbuwa, inda ya ɗauki lissafi zuwa mataki na sama.
Mutuwa
Evariste ya sami rauni a cikin duel wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1862 kusa da ɗayan tafkunan Paris.
An yi amannar cewa dalilin rikice-rikicen soyayya ne, amma kuma yana iya zama tsokana daga bangaren masarautar.
'Yan kungiyar tawayen sun yi harbi da juna daga nesa na mitoci da yawa. Harsashin ya buge lissafin cikin ciki.
Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, wani mai wucewa ya lura da Galois da ya ji rauni wanda ya taimaka masa zuwa asibiti.
Har wa yau, masu rubutun tarihin masanin ba za su iya cewa da tabbaci game da ainihin dalilan duel ba, kuma su gano sunan mai harbi.
Evariste Galois ya mutu washegari, 31 ga Mayu, 1832, yana da shekara 20.
Hoto daga Evariste Galois
