Augusto José Ramon Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006) - ɗan ƙasar Chile kuma shugaban soja, babban kyaftin. Ya hau karagar mulki ne a juyin mulkin soja na 1973 wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin gurguzu ta Shugaba Salvador Allende.
Pinochet ya kasance Shugaba da mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile daga 1974-1990. Babban kwamandan askarawan sojojin kasar Chile (1973-1998).
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Pinochet, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Augusto Pinochet.
Tarihin rayuwar Pinochet
An haifi Augusto Pinochet a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1915 a cikin garin Chile na Valparaiso. Mahaifinsa, Augusto Pinochet Vera, yana aiki a kwastan tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Avelina Ugarte Martinez, ta yi renon yara 6.
Yayinda yake yarinya, Pinochet yayi karatu a makarantar Seminary na St. Raphael, ya halarci Cibiyar Katolika ta Marista da makarantar parish a Valparaiso. Bayan haka, saurayin ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar horar da sojoji, wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1937.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1948-1951. Augusto yayi karatu a babbar makarantar Soja. Baya ga yin babban hidimarsa, ya kuma kasance cikin ayyukan koyarwa a cibiyoyin ilimi na sojoji.
Hidimar soja da juyin mulki
A cikin 1956, an aika Pinochet zuwa babban birnin Ecuador don ƙirƙirar Makarantar Soja. Ya zauna a Ecuador na kimanin shekaru 3, bayan haka ya koma gida. Mutumin da gaba gaɗi ya ɗaga tsaran aikin, sakamakon hakan an ba shi amanar jagorantar ɗayan bangarori.
Daga baya, an ɗora wa Augusto mukamin mataimakin darakta na Kwalejin Soja ta Santiago, inda ya koyar da ɗalibai ilimin ƙasa da ilimin siyasa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ba shi matsayi zuwa birgediya janar kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin mai ƙwarin gwiwa a lardin Tarapaca.
A farkon shekarun 70s, Pinochet ya riga ya shugabanci rundunar sojojin babban birnin kasar, kuma bayan murabus din Carlos Prats, ya jagoranci sojojin kasar. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Prats ya yi murabus sakamakon tsanantawar sojoji, wanda Augusto da kansa ya shirya.
A wancan lokacin, Chile ta kasance cikin rikici wanda ke samun ƙarfi kowace rana. A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen 1973, an yi juyin mulki na soja a cikin jihar, inda Pinochet ya taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Ta hanyar amfani da dakaru, manyan bindigogi da jiragen sama, 'yan tawayen sun yi harbi a gidan shugaban. Kafin wannan, sojojin sun ce gwamnati mai ci yanzu ba ta bin tsarin mulki kuma tana jagorantar kasar cikin rami. Abin mamaki ne cewa waɗancan jami'an da suka ƙi goyon bayan juyin mulkin an yanke musu hukuncin kisa.
Bayan nasarar kifar da gwamnati da kuma kashe Allende, an kafa mulkin soja, wanda ya hada da Admiral José Merino da janar-janar uku - Gustavo Li Guzman, Cesar Mendoza da Augusto Pinochet, masu wakiltar sojoji.
Har zuwa ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1974, mutanen huɗun sun yi mulkin Chile, bayan haka aka sauya mulkin zuwa Pinochet, wanda, ya karya yarjejeniyar kan fifiko, ya zama shi kaɗai shugaban ƙasa.
Hukumar gudanarwa
Karɓar mulki a cikin nasa hannun, Augusto a hankali ya kawar da duk abokan hamayyarsa. Wasu an sallame su kawai, yayin da wasu suka mutu a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai wuyar fahimta. A sakamakon haka, Pinochet ya zama mai ikon mulki mai cikakken iko.
Mutumin da kansa ya zartar ko soke dokoki, kuma ya zaɓi alƙalai da yake so. Tun daga wannan lokacin, majalisa da jam'iyyu suka daina taka wata rawa wajen mulkin kasar.
Augusto Pinochet ya sanar da gabatar da dokar soji a kasar, sannan kuma ya ce babban makiyin 'yan kasar ta Chile su ne' yan gurguzu. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan zalunci. A Chile, an kafa cibiyoyin azabtarwa na sirri, kuma an gina sansanonin tattara fursunoni na siyasa da yawa.
Dubunnan mutane sun mutu a cikin aikin "tsarkakewar". An zartar da hukuncin kisan a daidai a filin wasa na kasa da ke Santiago. Abin lura ne cewa ta hanyar umarnin Pinochet, ba kawai 'yan kwaminisanci da' yan adawa ba, har da manyan jami'ai aka kashe.
Abin sha'awa, na farkon wanda aka kashe shi ne Janar Carlos Prats. A ƙarshen 1974, an fashe shi da matarsa a cikin motarsu a babban birnin Ajantina. Bayan haka, jami'an leken asirin na Chile sun ci gaba da kawar da jami'an 'yan gudun hijira a kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Amurka.
Tattalin arzikin kasar ya bi hanya zuwa miƙa mulki zuwa alaƙar kasuwa. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Pinochet ya yi kira da a sauya Chile zuwa yanayin masu ita, ba masu son ci gaban ilimi ba. Daya daga cikin sanannun jumlolin sa ya karanta kamar haka: "Dole ne mu kula da mawadata don su ba da yawa."
Gyaran da aka yi ya haifar da sake tsarin tsarin fansho daga tsarin biyan kudin-zuwa-wata zuwa tsarin biyan kudi. Kula da lafiya da ilimi sun shiga hannun mutane. Masana’antu da masana’antu sun fada hannun wasu mutane masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da fadada kasuwanci da kuma yawan hasashe.
A ƙarshe, Chile ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, inda rashin daidaito tsakanin al'umma ya bunƙasa. A cikin 1978, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Pinochet ta hanyar bayar da daidaitaccen kuduri.
A sakamakon haka, mai mulkin kama-karya ya yanke shawarar gudanar da zaben raba gardama, a yayin da ya samu kashi 75% na yawan kuri’un jama’a. Don haka, Augusto ya nuna wa al'ummar duniya cewa yana da babban goyon baya daga 'yan uwansa. Koyaya, masana da yawa sun ce bayanan raba gardama an gurbata su.
Daga baya, Chile ta samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, inda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wa’adin shugaban kasa ya fara zama shekaru 8, tare da yiwuwar sake zabensa. Duk wannan ya tayar da fushin da ya fi girma tsakanin 'yan uwan shugaban.
A lokacin bazara na 1986, yajin aikin gama gari ya kasance a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma a cikin damin shekarar, an yi ƙoƙari kan rayuwar Pinochet, wanda bai yi nasara ba.
Ganin tsananin adawa, mai mulkin kama-karya ya halatta jam'iyyun siyasa da zabukan shugaban kasa masu izini.
Don yanke wannan shawarar Augusto ya kasance ta wata hanyar haɗuwa da Paparoma John Paul II, wanda ya kira shi zuwa dimokiradiyya. Da yake son jawo hankalin masu jefa kuri'a, ya sanar da karin kudaden fansho da albashin ma'aikata, ya bukaci 'yan kasuwa da su rage farashin kayayyakin da suke bukata, sannan kuma ya yi wa manoma alkawarin ba su jari.
Koyaya, waɗannan da wasu "kayan" ba za su iya ba da cin hanci ga 'yan Chile ba. A sakamakon haka, a cikin Oktoba 1988, an cire Augusto Pinochet daga shugabancin. Tare da wannan, ministoci 8 sun rasa mukamansu, sakamakon haka an gudanar da tsarkake tsarkakewa a cikin kayan aikin jihar.
A lokacin da yake gabatar da jawabai ta rediyo da talabijin, dan kama-karya ya dauki sakamakon zaben a matsayin "kuskure ne na 'yan kasar ta Chile, amma ya ce yana mutunta nufinsu.
A farkon 1990, Patricio Aylvin Azokar ya zama sabon shugaban ƙasa. A lokaci guda, Pinochet ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban kwamandan sojoji har zuwa 1998. A cikin wannan shekarar, an tsare shi a karon farko yayin da yake asibitin London, sannan shekara guda bayan hakan, an hana dan majalisar yin rigakafi kuma aka kira shi zuwa laifuffuka da yawa.
Bayan an kwashe watanni 16 ana tsare da shi, an tasa keyar Augusto daga Ingila zuwa Chile, inda aka bude karar tsohon shugaban. An tuhume shi da kisan kai da yawa, satar dukiyar kasa, rashawa da kuma fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Duk da haka, wanda ake zargin ya mutu kafin a fara shari’ar.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar mai mulkin kama-karya ta kasance Lucia Iriart Rodriguez. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata 3 da maza 2. Matar ta ba mijinta cikakken goyon baya a harkokin siyasa da sauran fannoni.
Bayan mutuwar Pinochet, an kame danginsa sau da yawa saboda samun kuɗi da ɓatar da haraji. Gadon janar din an kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 28, ba tare da kirga babban dakin karatun ba, wanda ya kunshi dubunnan littattafai masu mahimmanci.
Mutuwa
Mako guda kafin rasuwarsa, Augusto ya kamu da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, wanda ya zama sanadiyyar mutuwarsa. Augusto Pinochet ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2006 yana da shekara 91. Abin mamaki ne cewa dubun dubatar mutane sun fito kan titunan Chile, waɗanda suka fahimci mutuwar mutum da farin ciki.
Koyaya, akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi baƙin ciki don Pinochet. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an kona gawarsa.
Hotunan Pinochet
