Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Masanin kimiyyar halittun Rasha da Faransa (masanin microbiologist, cytologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). Lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ko magani (1908).
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro halittar halittar haihuwa, mai gano phagocytosis da narkewar ciki, mahaliccin kamantawar cututtukan kumburi, kaidar phagocytic na rigakafi, ka'idar phagocytella, da wanda ya kirkiro ilimin kimiyyar halittu.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, wanda za muyi magana game da shi a wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Ilya Mechnikov.
Tarihin rayuwar Mechnikov
An haifi Ilya Mechnikov a ranar 3 ga Mayu (15), 1845 a ƙauyen Ivanovka (lardin Kharkov). Ya girma a gidan dan bautar kasa da mai filin, Ilya Ivanovich, da matarsa Emilia Lvovna.
Baya ga Ilya, iyayensa suna da ƙarin yara huɗu.
Yara da samari
Ilya ta girma ne a gidan masu hannu da shuni. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar wani hamshakin mai kudi ne kuma marubuci Bayahude, wanda ake ji da shi a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro nau'in "adabin yahudawa na Rasha da Rasha", Lev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich.
Mahaifin Mechnikov mutum ne mai caca. Ya rasa duk sadakin matar sa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa tsaffin dangin suka koma gidan iyayensu a Ivanovka.
Yayinda yake yaro, Ilya da 'yan uwansa maza da mata sun sami koyarwar ta gida. Lokacin da yaron yake dan shekara 11, sai ya shiga aji na 2 na makarantar motsa jiki ta maza ta Kharkov.
Mechnikov ya sami manyan maki a dukkan fannoni, sakamakon haka ya kammala karatun sakandare da girmamawa.
A wancan lokacin tarihin rayuwar, Ilya ya kasance mai sha'awar ilimin ilimin halitta. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Kharkov, inda ya saurari da matukar farin ciki ga jawaban da ake yi kan kwatancen jikin mutum da kuma ilimin lissafi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, ɗalibin ya iya mallake tsarin karatun ba a cikin shekaru 4 ba, amma a cikin 2 kawai.
Kimiyyar
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, Mechnikov ya ɗan jima a Jamus, inda ya ƙware tare da masanan kimiyyar dabbobin na Rudolf Leuckart da Karl Siebold.
Yana dan shekara 20, Ilya ya tafi kasar Italia. A can ya zama masani sosai tare da masaniyar halittu Alexander Kovalevsky.
Godiya ga kokarin hadin gwiwa, samarin masana kimiyya suka sami Karl Baer Prize don binciken da aka samu a fannin amfrayo.
Da ya dawo gida, Ilya Ilyich ya kare rubutun maigidan nasa, daga baya kuma ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir. A lokacin bai kai shekara 25 da haihuwa ba.
A cikin 1868 Mechnikov ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Novorossiysk. A wancan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya riga ya sami babban daraja tare da abokan aikinsa.
Abubuwan da masanin ya gano ba su da karɓa nan take daga ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, tunda dabarun Mechnikov ya juye da ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su a fagen jikin mutum.
Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa hatta ka'idar rigakafin phagocytic, wanda aka baiwa Ilya Ilyich lambar yabo ta Nobel a shekarar 1908, galibi an soki shi da kakkausar suka.
Kafin binciken Mechnikov, leukocytes ana ɗaukar su masu wuce gona da iri a cikin yaƙi da matakan kumburi da cututtuka. Ya kuma bayyana cewa ƙwayoyin jinin farin, akasin haka, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare jiki, lalata ɓarna mai haɗari.
Masanin kimiyyar na Rasha ya tabbatar da cewa karuwar zafin ba wani abu bane illa sakamakon gwagwarmayar rigakafi, saboda haka, bawai ya halatta a kawo shi zuwa wani matakin ba.
A cikin 1879 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ya gano wani muhimmin aiki na narkewar cikin ciki - rigakafin phagocytic (salon salula). Bisa ga wannan binciken, ya kirkiro hanyar nazarin halittu don kare tsire-tsire daga ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
A cikin 1886, masanin ilimin halittu ya koma mahaifarsa, ya zauna a Odessa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin ilimin cututtukan cututtuka na Faransa Nicholas Gamaleya, wanda ya taɓa yin horo a ƙarƙashin Louis Pasteur.
Bayan 'yan watanni, masana kimiyya sun bude tashar kwayar cuta ta 2 ta duniya don yaki da cututtuka masu yaduwa.
A shekara mai zuwa, Ilya Mechnikov ya tashi zuwa Paris, inda ya sami aiki a Cibiyar Pasteur. Wasu masu rubutun tarihin sun yi amannar cewa ya bar Rasha ne saboda ƙiyayyar hukumomi da abokan aikinsa.
A Faransa, mutum na iya ci gaba da aiki a kan sabbin abubuwan bincike ba tare da wata tsangwama ba, tare da samun duk ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don wannan.
A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Mechnikov ya yi rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci game da annoba, tarin fuka, taifon da kwalara. Daga baya, don manyan ayyuka, an ba shi amanar shugabancin makarantar.
Ya kamata a lura cewa Ilya Ilyich ya yi rubutu tare da takwarorinsa na Rasha, gami da Ivan Sechenov, Dmitry Mendeleev da Ivan Pavlov.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Mechnikov yana da sha'awar ba kawai ga ainihin ilimin ba, har ma da falsafa da addini. Tuni a cikin tsufa, ya zama wanda ya kafa kimiyyar gerontology kuma ya gabatar da ka'idar orthobiosis.
Ilya Mechnikov yayi jayayya cewa ya kamata rayuwar mutum ta kai shekaru 100 ko sama da haka. A ra'ayinsa, mutum na iya tsawanta rayuwarsa ta hanyar ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, tsafta da kyakkyawan fata game da rayuwa.
Bugu da kari, Mechnikov ya ware microflora na hanji daga cikin abubuwan da ke shafar tsawon rai. Shekaru da yawa kafin rasuwarsa, ya buga wata kasida kan fa'idar kayan madara mai narkewa.
Masanin ya zayyana dabarunsa dalla-dalla a cikin ayyukan "Nazarin Neman Kyau" da "Nazarin Halin 'Yan Adam".
Rayuwar mutum
Ilya Mechnikov ya kasance mutum ne mai son nutsuwa da son nutsuwa ga yanayin yanayi.
A lokacin samartakarsa, Ilya yakan fada cikin kunci kuma a lokacin da ya balaga ne kawai ya sami damar cimma daidaito da yanayi, kuma ya kalli duniyar da ke kewaye da shi da kyau.
Mechnikov ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Lyudmila Fedorovich, wacce ta yi aure tare da ita a 1869.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce zaɓaɓɓensa, wanda ya sha wahala daga tarin fuka, yana da rauni ƙwarai har a lokacin bikin auren dole ta zauna a kujerar kujera.
Masanin kimiyya yayi fatan cewa zai iya warkar da matarsa daga mummunan rashin lafiya, amma duk ƙoƙarinsa bai yi nasara ba. Shekaru 4 bayan bikin aure, Lyudmila ta mutu.
Mutuwar ƙaunataccensa ya kasance mummunan rauni ga Ilya Ilyich wanda ya yanke shawarar ƙare rayuwarsa. Ya sha babban sinadarin morphine, wanda hakan ya haifar da amai. Godiya kawai ga wannan, mutumin ya kasance da rai.
A karo na biyu, Mechnikov ya auri Olga Belokopytova, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 13.
Kuma masanin kimiyyar halitta ya so kashe kansa, saboda rashin lafiyar matarsa, wacce ta kamu da cutar typhus. Ilya Ilyich ya yiwa kansa allura da kwayoyin cutar zazzabin da ya sake kamuwa.
Koyaya, da yake ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, ya sami damar murmurewa, kamar yadda, hakika, matarsa.
Mutuwa
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ya mutu a Faris a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1916 yana da shekara 71. Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa, ya sha fama da bugun zuciya da yawa.
Masanin ya yi wasici da jikinsa ga binciken likitanci, sannan aka binne shi tare da binne shi a yankin Cibiyar Pasteur, wanda aka yi.
Hotunan Mechnikov
