Rayuwar Alexander Odoevsky (1802 - 1839), wanda bai yi tsayi ba, ko da a cikin karni na 19, ya ƙunshi al'amuran da yawa, galibinsu ba su da daɗi, kuma wasu masifu ne gaba ɗaya. A lokaci guda, matashin mawaki mai hazaka ya yi, a zahiri, kuskure babba kawai, ya shiga cikin abin da ake kira Societyungiyar Arewa. Wannan ƙungiyar, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin samari hafsoshi, suna shirin aiwatar da juyin juya halin dimokiradiyya a cikin Rasha. An yi yunƙurin juyin mulkin a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1825, kuma ana kiran mahalarta 'Yan Tawaye.
Odoevsky yana ɗan shekara 22 ne kawai lokacin shiga cikin jama'a. Tabbas, ya raba ra'ayoyin dimokiradiyya, amma a cikin mahimmancin ma'anar wannan ra'ayi, kamar kowane allan yaudara. Daga baya, M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin ya ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar waɗannan ra'ayoyin kamar "Ina son ko dai tsarin mulki, ko sevryuzhin da mai doki". Alexander ya kasance a wurin da bai dace ba a lokacin da ya dace. Idan da a ce bai je taron kungiyar 'yan Arewa ba, da Rasha ta karbi wani mawaki, watakila dan kadan ne cikin baiwa Pushkin.
Madadin mawaki, Rasha ta karɓi mai laifi. Odoevsky ya share kashi ɗaya cikin uku na rayuwarsa a bayan sanduna. Ya rubuta waka a can ma, amma kamewa ba ta taimaka wa kowa ya bayyana gwanintarsa. Kuma bayan dawowarsa daga gudun hijira, mutuwar mahaifinsa ya gurgunta Alexander - ya tsira daga mahaifinsa da watanni 4 kacal.
1. Yi imani yanzu yana da matukar wahala, amma babban sunan 'ya'yan sarakuna Odoevsky (tare da lafazi akan "o" na biyu) da gaske ya fito ne daga sunan mazaunin birane na yanzu Odoev, wanda yake a yammacin yankin Tula. A cikin ƙarni na XIII-XV, Odoev, wanda a yanzu yake da yawan jama'a 5.5 dubu mutane, shi ne babban birnin masarautar kan iyaka. Semyon Yuryevich Odoevsky (kakan Alexander a ƙarni 11) ya samo asalinsa daga zuriyar Rurik mai nisa, kuma ƙarƙashin Ivan III ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Moscow daga Grand Duchy na Lithuania. Sun fara tattara ƙasashen Rasha daga yankin Tula na yanzu ...
2. Daga cikin kakannin A. Odoevsky akwai mashahurin oprichnik Nikita Odoevsky, wanda Ivan mai ban tsoro ya zartar, da Novgorod voivode Yuri Odoevsky, ainihin dan majalisa kuma sanata Ivan Odoevsky. Marubuci, masanin falsafa kuma malami Vladimir Odoevsky dan uwan Alexander ne. A kan Vladimir ne dangin Odoevsky suka mutu. An sauya taken zuwa ga shugaban gidan sarautar, Nikolai Maslov, wanda ɗa ne ga Gimbiya Odoevsky, amma, manajan masarautar bai bar zuriya ba.
3. Mahaifin Alexander ya yi aikin soja na musamman ga mai martaba na waɗannan shekarun. Ya shiga aikin soja yana dan shekara 7, a kasa da 10 ya zama sajan na Life Guards of the Semyonovsky regiment, yana da shekaru 13 ya sami mukamin jami'in bada sammaci, a 20 ya zama kyaftin kuma kusa da Yarima Grigory Potemkin. Don kama Isma'il ya karɓi giciye na musamman. Wannan yana nufin, idan ba wulakanci ba, to asara ce - a cikin waɗancan shekarun aide-de-camp ya sami gicciye ko matakai tare da lu'ulu'u, dubban rubles, ɗaruruwan rayukan serfs, sannan kuma gicciye, wanda kusan aka ba wa dukkan jami'an. Ivan Odoevsky an canza shi zuwa rundunar Sofia kuma ya fara faɗa. Don yaƙi a Brest-Litovsk, ya karɓi takobi na zinariya. A. Suvorov yayi umarni a wurin, don haka takobi dole ne ya cancanci. Sau biyu, tuni ya kasance a cikin mukamin Manjo Janar, I. Odoevsky ya yi murabus kuma sau biyu ana mayar da shi zuwa aiki. A karo na uku, ya dawo kansa, yana jagorantar rundunonin sojan dakaru na yaƙi da Napoleon. Ya isa Paris kuma a karshe ya yi murabus.
4. Ilimi Sasha Odoevsky ta samu a gida. Iyaye sun yi sha'awar lokacin da aka haife su (lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu, Ivan Sergeevich yana da shekara 33, kuma Praskovya Alexandrovna na da shekaru 32), rayukan mutane musamman ma malamai ba su da iko, suna mai da kansu ga tabbacin tabbacin himmar yaron, musamman tun da ya sami nasarar ƙwarewa da yare da kuma ainihin ilimin kimiyya.
5. Lokaci zai nuna cewa har ma ya fi samun nasarar shawo kan hukunce-hukuncen malamin tarihi Konstantin Arseniev da malamin Faransa Bafaranshe-Marie Chopin (af, sakataren Shugaban Gwamnatin Masarautar Rasha Yarima Kurakin). A lokacin darasin, wasu ma'aurata sun bayyana wa Alexander yadda cutarwa ta har abada da bautar Rashanci, yadda suke hana ci gaban ilimin kimiyya, zamantakewa da adabi. Wani al'amari ne a Faransa! Kuma littattafan tebur ɗin na ayyukan Voltaire da Rousseau. Nan gaba kadan, Arsenyev a asirce ya ba Alexander nasa littafin "Rubutun Lissafi". Babban ra'ayin littafin shine "cikakke, 'yanci mara iyaka".
6. Tun yana dan shekara 13, Alexander ya zama magatakarda (tare da sanya mukamin mai rejista a koleji), ba haka ba ko kadan, amma a cikin majalisar zartarwa (sakatariyar sirri) ta Mai Martaba. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ba tare da bayyana a wurin hidimar ba, saurayin ya zama sakataren lardin. Wannan matsayin ya yi daidai da laftana a cikin rundunonin sojoji na yau da kullun, wata alama ko ƙaho a cikin mai gadi da kuma ɗan ƙungiyar sojan ruwa. Koyaya, lokacin da Odoevsky ya bar aikin gwamnati (ba tare da ya yi aiki a rana ɗaya ba) kuma ya shiga cikin masu gadin, dole ne ya sake yin hidimar ƙahon. Ya dauke shi shekaru biyu.
Alexander Odoevsky a cikin 1823
7. Marubuci Alexander Bestuzhev ya gabatar da Odoevsky ga ƙungiyar Yaɗuwar Marubuta. Dan uwan Alexander Griboyedov da sunan suna, da yake ya san kishin dangi, ya yi kokarin gargadinsa, amma a banza. Griboyedov, a hanya, ya kasance gaba ɗaya don ci gaba, amma ci gaban ya kasance mai tunani da matsakaici. Bayaninsa game da jami'ai masu ba da izini ɗari waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin sauya fasalin ƙasar Rasha sanannu ne sananne. Griboyedov ya kira masu wayo na gaba wawaye a cikin mutane. Amma Odoevsky bai saurari maganar tsofaffi ba (marubucin masifa ta Wit yana da shekaru 7 da haihuwa).
8. Babu wata hujja game da kyautar waka ta Odoevsky gabanin tawayen Demmbrist. Abin sani kawai an san ya rubuta waƙoƙi tabbatacce. Bayanin baka na mutane da yawa ya kasance aƙalla kusan waƙoƙi biyu. A cikin wata waka game da ambaliyar ruwa ta 1824, mawakin ya nuna nadamar cewa ruwan bai halakar da dukkanin dangin masarauta ba, a kan hanyar da ke bayyana wannan dangi da launuka masu matukar wahala. Waƙa ta biyu an haɗa ta cikin fayil ɗin shari'ar akan Odoevsky. An kira shi "Lifeless City" kuma an sa masa suna ta hanyar suna. Nicholas Na tambayi Yarima Sergei Trubetskoy ko sa hannun da aka yi a ƙarƙashin waƙar ya yi daidai. Trubetskoy kai tsaye "ya buɗe", kuma tsar ya ba da umarnin ƙona ganye tare da ayar.
Daya daga cikin wasikun Odoevsky tare da waka
9. Odoevsky ya mallaki babban kadara na mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu a lardin Yaroslavl, ma'ana, yana da wadataccen kuɗi. Ya yi hayar katafaren gida kusa da Masu Tsaron Dawakai Manege. Gidan ya kasance mai girman gaske cewa, a cewar Alexander, kawun (bawan) wani lokacin ba zai iya samun sa da safe ba sai ya yi ta yawo cikin ɗakunan, yana kira zuwa unguwa. Da zaran Odoevsky ya shiga cikin masu makircin, sai suka fara hallara a gidansa. Kuma Bestuzhev ya koma Odoevsky na dindindin.
10. Uba, da gaske bai san komai game da shiga cikin ƙungiyar asiri ba, ga alama ya ji cewa ɗan nasa yana cikin haɗari, da zuciyarsa. A cikin 1825, ya aika da wasiƙu da yawa da fusata ga Alexander don ya zo gidan Nikolaevskoye. Mahaifin mai hankali a cikin wasiƙun sa ya zagi ɗan nasa kawai don ɓatanci da rashin hankali. Daga baya ya zama cewa kawuna Nikita ya sanar da Ivan Sergeevich ba wai kawai game da batun da Odoevsky Jr. ya fara da matar aure ba (kawai ana san sunayen farkon game da ita - V.N.T.) - amma kuma game da jawabai a gidan Alexander. Hali ne cewa ɗan, wanda ke shirin murƙushe azzalumai da tumbuke mulkin mallaka, yana tsoron fushin mahaifinsa.
11. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1825, Alexander Odoevsky zai iya warware batun kawar da Nicholas I ba tare da wani tashin hankali ba. Ya faɗi a gare shi ya kasance cikin aiki na yini ɗaya a Fadar Sanyin. Ta hanyar raba sojoji don canza aika aikan, har ma ya dame da tsar bacci mai wahala - Nicholas yanzun nan ya samu hukunci daga Yakov Rostovtsev game da tashin da ke tafe da safe. A lokacin binciken, Nikolai ya tuna da Odoevsky. Yana da wuya a ce ya ɗanɗana da irin jin daɗin da yake yi wa matashin mashin - rayuwarsa kusan ta kasance a zahiri a ƙarshen takobin Alexander.
Canza masu gadi a Fadar Sanyin hunturu
12. Odoevsky ya kwashe yini duka a ranar 14 ga Disamba a Senatskaya, bayan da ya karɓi platoon na Moscow regiment a ƙarƙashin umurni. Bai gudu ba lokacin da bindigogin suka buge 'yan tawayen, amma ya jagoranci sojoji yayin wani yunƙuri na kafa shafi kuma ya nufi wajen sansanin soja na Peter da Paul. Sai kawai lokacin da igiyar ruwa ta lalata kankara kuma ta fara fada karkashin nauyin sojoji, Odoevsky yayi kokarin tserewa.
13. Tserewar Odoevsky ya kasance mara shiri sosai don Alexander zai iya barin masu binciken Tsar ba tare da wani ɓangare na babban aikinsu ba. Ya karɓi tufafi da kuɗi daga abokai, da niyyar tafiya a kan kankara zuwa Krasnoe Selo da daddare. Koyaya, rasawa da kusan nutsuwa, basaraken ya koma Petersburg wurin kawunsa D. Lansky. Ya kai saurayin da ya sume a wajen ’yan sanda kuma ya rinjayi Shugaban’ Yan sanda A. Shulgin ya ba da amsa ga Odoevsky.
14. Yayin tambayoyi, Odoevsky yayi dabi'a irin ta yawancin Yammata - da yardar rai yayi magana game da wasu, kuma ya bayyana ayyukansa ta hanyar girgijewar hankali, zazzabi da gajiya bayan kallon yini a Fadar hunturu.
15. Nicholas I, wanda ya halarci ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin farko, ya fusata da shaidar Alexander har ya fara zargin sa da kasancewa daga ɗayan tsofaffi kuma mafi daraja a daular. Koyaya, tsar ya dawo cikin hanzarinsa da sauri kuma ya ba da umarnin a dauke waɗanda aka kama, amma wannan ba da tasirin da yake yi wa Odoevsky.
Nicholas I na fara shiga tambayoyin kansa kuma ya firgita da girman makircin
16. Ivan Sergeevich Odoevsky, kamar dangin sauran mahalarta taron, ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga Nicholas I yana neman jinƙai ga ɗansa. An rubuta wannan wasiƙar da mutunci sosai. Mahaifin ya nemi a bashi dama ya sake ilmantar da dansa.
17. A. Odoevsky da kansa ya rubuta wa tsar. Wasikar tasa bata yi kama da tuba ba. A cikin babban ɓangaren saƙon, da farko ya ce ya faɗi abubuwa da yawa yayin tambayoyi, yana fadin ko da nasa ra'ayin. Bayan haka, saba wa kansa, Odoevsky ya bayyana cewa zai iya raba wasu ƙarin bayanai. Nikolai ya sanya ƙuduri: "Bari ya rubuta, ba ni da lokacin ganin shi."
18. A cikin fasalin Peter da Paul Fortress, Odoevsky ya fada cikin damuwa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne: tsofaffin abokan aiki sun tsunduma cikin makirci, wasu daga 1821, wasu kuma daga 1819. Shekaru da yawa, zaku iya sabawa da ra'ayin cewa komai zai bayyana, sannan masu makircin zasu sha wahala. Haka ne, kuma abokan aiki "tare da gogewa", mashahuran jarumai na 1812 (daga cikin masu yaudarar, sabanin abin da ake yarda da shi, akwai 'yan kaxan, kusan 20%), kamar yadda ake iya gani daga ladabi na tambayoyin, ba su yi jinkiri ba don sauƙaƙe rabonsu ta hanyar ɓatanci ga maƙaryata, har ma fiye da haka, soja.
Kyamara a cikin Bitrus da Paul Fortress
19. A cikin Peter Fort and Paul Fortress, Odoevsky ya kasance a cikin tantanin halitta wanda ke tsakanin ɗakunan Kondraty Ryleyev da Nikolai Bestuzhev. 'Yan Damshin suna taɗawa ta ƙarfi da iko ta bangon da ke kusa da su, amma babu abin da ya faru da ƙahon. Ko dai daga farin ciki, ko daga fushi, jin ƙwanƙwasawa bango, sai ya fara tsalle kewaye da tantanin, yana takawa yana buga duka bangon. Bestuzhev a diflomasiyya ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa cewa Odoevsky bai san haruffan Rasha ba - sanannen abu ne tsakanin manyan mutane. Koyaya, Odoevsky yayi magana kuma ya rubuta Rashanci sosai. Wataƙila, tarzomar tasa ta kasance saboda tsananin damuwa. Kuma ana iya fahimtar Alexander: mako guda da ya gabata, kun yi post a ɗakin kwana na masarauta, kuma yanzu kuna jiran katako ko sara. A cikin Rasha, hukunce-hukuncen makircin da aka yi wa mutumin ba da haske ba iri-iri. Membobin kwamitin bincike a cikin ladabi sun ambaci tunaninsa da ya lalace kuma cewa ba shi yiwuwa a dogara da shaidar sa ...
20. Tare da yanke hukunci, Alexander, da kuma hakika duk masu ruɗu, ban da biyar da aka rataye, sun kasance masu sa'a gaskiya. 'Yan tawayen, tare da makamai a hannunsu, suna adawa da halattaccen sarki, an kare su. An yanke musu hukuncin kisa ne kawai, amma nan da nan Nikolai ya sauya duk hukuncin. Su ma mutanen da aka rataye - an yanke musu hukuncin kwata-kwata. Odoevsky an yanke masa hukunci na ƙarshe, na 4. Ya sami shekaru 12 na aiki tuƙuru da kuma ƙaura marar iyaka a Siberia. Nan gaba kadan, an rage wa'adin zuwa shekaru 8. Gabaɗaya, ƙidaya tare da gudun hijira, ya yi zaman hukuncin shekara 10.
21. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1828, Alexander Griboyedov, yana shirin tashi a kan tafiyarsa ta ƙaddara zuwa Tehran, ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga babban kwamandan askarawan sojojin Rasha a cikin Caucasus kuma, a zahiri, ga mutum na biyu a cikin jihar, Count Ivan Paskevich. A cikin wasikar da ya aika wa mijin dan uwan nasa, Griboyedov ya nemi Paskevich da ya shiga cikin makomar Alexander Odoevsky. Yanayin wasikar kamar buƙata ta ƙarshe ta mutumin da ke mutuwa. Griboyedov ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1829. Odoevsky ya rayu da shekaru 10.
Alexander Griboyedov ya kula da ɗan uwan nasa har zuwa kwanakinsa na ƙarshe
22. An dauki Odoevsky zuwa aiki mai wahala (masu yanke hukunci na talakawa suna tafiya a kafa) da kudin jama'a. Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Chita ya ɗauki kwanaki 50. Alexander da abokansa guda uku, 'yan uwan Belyaev da Mikhail Naryshkin, sun isa Chita a matsayin na ƙarshe daga fursunoni 55. An gina musu sabon gidan yari na musamman.
Kurkukun Chita
23. Aiki mai wahala a lokacin dumi ya samu ci gaba a gidan yari: masu laifin sun haka ramuka, sun karfafa kwalliya, gyaran hanyoyi, da dai sauransu. A cikin hunturu, ka'idoji sun kasance. An bukaci fursunoni su nika gari tare da injin nika hannu na awanni 5 a rana. Sauran lokutan, fursunoni suna da 'yanci don yin magana, kunna kayan kida, karatu ko rubutu. Matan 11 sun zo ga waɗanda suka yi sa'a. Odoevsky ya keɓe musu waƙa ta musamman, wanda a ciki ya kira matan da aka yi ƙaurar da kansu mala'iku. Gabaɗaya, a cikin kurkuku, ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa, amma kawai wasu ayyukan ne ya yi ƙarfin gwiwa ya bayar don karantawa da kwafa ga abokan aikinsa. Wani aikin na Alexander shine koyawa abokan aikin sa Rasha.
Babban ɗaki a kurkukun Chita
24. Wakar da Odoevsky ya shahara da ita an rubuta ta a dare ɗaya. Ba a san takamaiman ranar rubutawa ba. An sani cewa an rubuta shi a matsayin martani ga waƙar da Alexander Pushkin ya yi "19 ga Oktoba 18, 1828" (A cikin zurfin albarkatun Siberia ...). An ba da wasikar ga Chita kuma an tura ta ta Alexandrina Muravyova a lokacin sanyi na 1828-1829. 'Yan bautar sun umurci Alexander ya rubuta amsa. Sun ce mawaƙan suna yin mummunan rubutu don yin oda. A game da waƙar "Kirtani na sautunan wuta annabci ...", wanda ya zama amsar Pushkin, wannan ra'ayin ba daidai bane. Lines, ba tare da gazawa ba, sun zama ɗayan mafi kyawun, idan ba mafi kyau ba, ayyukan Odoevsky.
25. A cikin 1830, Odoevsky, tare da sauran mazaunan kurkukun Chita, an sauya su zuwa ga shukar Petrovsky - babban shiri a Transbaikalia. A nan ma waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin ba a nauyaya musu da aiki ba, don haka Alexander, ban da waƙoƙi, shi ma ya shiga cikin tarihi. Jaridar wallafe-wallafen da aka aiko daga St.
Petrovsky shuka
26. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, aka aika Alexander ya zauna a ƙauyen Thelma. Daga nan, a matsin lamba daga mahaifinsa kuma Janar-Janar na Gabashin Siberia A.S Lavinsky, wanda dangin Odoyevsky ne na nesa, ya rubuta wasiƙar tuba ga sarki. Lavinsky ya haɗu da kyakkyawan halayen zuwa gare ta. Amma takardun sun sami akasi - Nicholas I ba wai kawai bai yafe wa Odoevsky ba, amma kuma ya fusata da cewa ya rayu a cikin wayewa - akwai babban masana'anta a Thelma. An aika Alexander zuwa ƙauyen Elan, kusa da Irkutsk.
A. Lavinsky da Odoevsky ba su taimaka ba, kuma shi da kansa ya sami hukunci na hukuma
27. A cikin Elan, duk da tabarbarewar yanayin kiwon lafiya, Odoevsky ya juya: ya saya kuma ya shirya gida, ya fara (tare da taimakon manoma na gari, ba shakka) lambun kayan lambu da dabbobi, wanda ya yi odar kayan aikin gona da yawa iri-iri. Tsawon shekara guda ya tattara kyawawan laburare. Amma a cikin shekara ta uku ta rayuwarsa kyauta, ya sake yin motsi, wannan lokacin zuwa Ishim.Babu buƙatar zama a can - a cikin 1837 sarki ya maye gurbin Odoevsky gudun hijira da sabis na sirri a cikin sojoji a cikin Caucasus.
28. Ya isa Caucasus, Odoevsky ya sadu kuma yayi abokai da Mikhail Lermontov. Alexander, kodayake bisa ƙa'ida ya kasance na sirri ne na bataliya ta huɗu ta mulkin Tenginsky, ya rayu, ya ci abinci kuma ya tattauna da jami'an. A lokaci guda, bai buya daga harsasai na tsaunukan tsaunuka ba, wanda ya sa 'yan uwansa suka mutunta shi.
Hoton da Lermontov ya zana
29. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1839, Ivan Sergeevich Odoevsky ya mutu. Labarin mutuwar mahaifinsa ya ba da haske ga Alexander. Har ila yau jami'an sun sanya masa ido don hana shi kashe kansa. Odoevsky ya daina yin barkwanci da rubuta waka. Lokacin da aka kai runduna don gina katanga a Fort Lazarevsky, sojoji da hafsoshi suka fara fama da zazzaɓi gaba ɗaya. Odoevsky shima yayi rashin lafiya. A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1839, ya nemi abokinsa ya ɗauke shi a gado. Da zaran ya sami lokacin yin wannan, Alexander ya suma kuma ya mutu bayan minti ɗaya.
30. An binne Alexander Odoevsky a wajen bangon sansanin, a kan gangaren bakin teku. Abun takaici, a shekara mai zuwa, sojojin Rasha sun bar gabar tekun, kuma masu tsaunukan sun kame sansanin kuma sun kona shi. Sun kuma lalata kaburburan sojojin Rasha, gami da kabarin Odoevsky. 
