Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) - Marubucin Indiya, mawaƙi, mawaƙi, mai zane-zane, masanin falsafa da sanannen jama'a. Ba-Bature na farko da ya karɓi kyautar Nobel a cikin Adabi (1913).
An kalli wakarsa a matsayin adabin ruhaniya kuma, tare da kwarjininsa, ya haifar da hoton Tagore annabi a Yamma. A yau baitocin nasa wakokin Indiya ne ("Soul of people") da Bangladesh ("My gold Bengal").
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Rabindranath Tagore, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Tagore.
Tarihin rayuwar Rabindranath Tagore
An haifi Rabindranath Tagore a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1861 a Calcutta (Burtaniya ta Indiya). Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin gidan masu wadata na masu mallakar ƙasa, yana jin daɗin jama'a sosai. Mawakin shi ne ƙarami a cikin yaran Debendranath Tagore da matarsa Sarada Devi.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Rabindranath yake da shekaru 5, iyayensa suka tura shi makarantar Seminary ta Gabas, daga baya kuma aka canza shi zuwa makarantar da ake kira Normal School, wacce ke da ƙarancin ilimi.
Fa'idar Tagore a cikin waƙa ta farka tun yarinta. Yana dan shekara 8, ya riga ya tsara waka, sannan kuma yana nazarin ayyukan marubuta daban-daban. Abin lura ne cewa 'yan'uwansa suma mutane ne masu hazaka.
Babban wansa masanin lissafi ne, mawaƙi da mawaƙi, kuma 'yan'uwansa na tsakiya sun zama shahararrun masu tunani da rubutu. Af, dan dan uwan Rabindranath Tagore, Obonindranath, yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa makarantar zane-zanen Bengali na zamani.
Baya ga sha'awarsa ta waƙa, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel nan gaba ya yi nazarin tarihi, ilmin jikin mutum, labarin ƙasa, zane, da Sanskrit da Ingilishi. A ƙuruciyarsa, ya yi tafiyar watanni da yawa tare da mahaifinsa. Yayin tafiyarsa, ya ci gaba da ilimantar da kansa.
Tagore Sr. ya yi da'awar Brahmanism, galibi yana ziyartar wurare masu tsarki a Indiya. Lokacin da Rabindranath yake da shekaru 14, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu.
Wakoki da karin magana
Dawowa daga gida daga tafiye-tafiye, Rabindranath ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar rubutu. Yana dan shekara 16, ya rubuta gajerun labarai da wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya wallafa wakarsa ta farko a karkashin sunan Bhanu simha.
Shugaban dangin ya nace cewa dan nasa ya zama lauya, sakamakon haka a shekarar 1878 Rabindranath Tagore ya shiga Kwalejin Jami'a ta Landan, inda ya karanci aikin lauya. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara ƙin ilimin gargajiya.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa mutumin ya bar hannun dama, yana fifita shi don karanta litattafan adabi. A Biritaniya, ya karanta ayyukan William Shakespeare, sannan kuma ya nuna sha'awar fasahar mutanen Burtaniya.
A cikin 1880 Tagore ya koma Bengal, inda ya fara wallafa ayyukansa sosai. Ba wakoki ne kawai suka fito daga karkashin alkalaminsa ba, har ma da labarai, labarai, wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, an gano tasirin "ruhun Turai", wanda sabon abu ne sabo a cikin adabin Brahmin.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Rabindranath Tagore ya zama marubucin tarin abubuwa 2 - "Wakokin maraice" da "wakokin safe", da kuma littafin "Chabi-O-Gan". A kowace shekara ana yawan wallafa ayyukansa, sakamakon haka ana fitar da aiki mai girma "Galpaguccha", wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka 84.
A cikin ayyukansa, marubucin yakan tabo batun talauci, wanda ya haskaka shi sosai a cikin zane-zanen "Duwatsu masu Jin yunwa" da "The Runaway", wanda aka buga a 1895.
A wannan lokacin, Rabindranath ya riga ya buga shahararrun wakokinsa, Hoton Masoyi. Bayan lokaci, za a buga waƙoƙi da tarin waƙoƙi - "The Golden Boat" da "Moment". Tun 1908, yayi aiki akan ƙirƙirar "Gitanjali" ("Waƙoƙin Hadaya").
Wannan aikin ya kunshi ayoyi sama da 150 akan alakar mutum da Mahalicci. Saboda kasancewar rubutattun waƙoƙin an yi su cikin yare mai fahimta kuma mai sauƙi, yawancin layukan da ke wajen su an faɗi cikin ambato.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce "Gitanjali" ya sami irin wannan farin jini har suka fara fassarawa da buga su a Turai da Amurka. A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Rabindranath Tagore ya ziyarci wasu kasashen Turai, da Amurka, Rasha, China da Japan. A shekarar 1913 aka sanar dashi cewa ya lashe kyautar Nobel a adabi.
Don haka, Rabindranath shine ɗan Asiya na farko da ya karɓi wannan kyautar. A lokaci guda kuma, mutumin da ya ci kyautar ya ba da kudinsa ga makarantarsa da ke Santiniketan, wacce daga baya za ta zama jami'a ta farko da ke da karatun kyauta.
A cikin 1915 Tagore ya sami taken jarumi, amma bayan shekaru 4 sai ya ba da shi - bayan kisan fararen hula a Amritsar. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don ilimantar da talakawan ƙasa.
A cikin shekaru 30, Rabindranath ya nuna kansa a cikin nau'o'in adabi daban-daban. A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa na kirkire kirkire, ya zama marubucin daruruwan waƙoƙi, labaru da yawa da kuma labarai 8. A cikin ayyukansa, ya kan tabo matsalolin talauci, rayuwar karkara, rashin daidaito tsakanin al'umma, addini, da sauransu.
Wuri na musamman a cikin aikin Tagore ya shagaltar da aikin "Waƙar Lastarshe". A karshen rayuwarsa, ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar ilimin kimiyya. A sakamakon haka, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya wallafa takardu da dama a fannin ilimin halittu, ilmin taurari da kimiyyar lissafi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Rabindranath bai yi dogon bayani ba tare da Einstein, wanda ya tattauna da shi game da batutuwan kimiyya daban-daban.
Kiɗa da hotuna
Hindu ba kawai marubuci ba ne mai hazaka. A tsawon shekaru, ya tsara kusan waƙoƙi 2,230, gami da waƙoƙin addini. Wasu daga cikin rubutun Rabindranath an saita su zuwa kida bayan mutuwar marubucin.
Misali, a cikin 1950 aka sanya taken Indiya a waƙar Tagore, kuma bayan shekaru 20 layin Amar Shonar Bangla ya zama ainihin kiɗan ƙasar Bangladesh.
Bugu da kari, Rabindranath wani mai fasaha ne wanda yayi rubutu kusan 2500 kanfuna. An nuna ayyukansa sau da yawa duka a Indiya da sauran ƙasashe. Ya kamata a lura cewa ya koma ga salon fasaha iri-iri, gami da zahiri da kuma burgewa.
Zane-zanen sa ana rarrabe su da launuka marasa al'ada. Tarihin tarihin Tagore sun haɗa wannan da makantar launi. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna shi a kan zane-zane na zane tare da daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin yanayi, wanda ya kasance sakamakon sakamakon sha'awar sa ga ainihin ilimin kimiyya.
Ayyukan jama'a
A farkon sabon karni, Rabindranath Tagore ya rayu ne a wani gida na dangi kusa da Calcutta, inda yake yin rubutu, ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewa. Ya buɗe mafaka don masu hikima, waɗanda suka haɗa da makaranta, laburare da gidan addu'a.
Tagore ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Tilak na neman sauyi kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Swadeshi, wacce ke adawa da raba Bengal. Abin lura ne cewa bai yi yunƙurin cimma wannan manufa ta yaƙi ba, amma ya sami wannan ne ta hanyar wayewar kan mutane.
Rabindranath ta tara kudade don cibiyoyin ilimi inda talakawa zasu sami ilimi kyauta. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya tayar da batun rarrabuwar kawuna, wanda ya raba mutane da matsayin zamantakewar su.
Shekara guda kafin rasuwarsa, Tagore ya hadu da Mahatma Gandhi, shugaban masu neman ‘yancin kan Indiya, wanda hanyoyinsa ba su amince da shi ba. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya gabatar da lacca sosai a jihohi daban-daban, ciki har da Amurka, in da yake sukar kishin kasa.
Rabindranath ya mai da martani mara kyau game da harin Hitler akan USSR. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa, a lokacin da ya dace, mai mulkin kama-karya na Jamus zai sami sakamako kan dukkan mugunta da ya aikata.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da mawaƙin ya kai kimanin shekara 22, ya auri yarinya ’yar shekara 10 mai suna Mrinalini Devi, ita ma ta fito daga dangin Pirali brahmana. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yara 5, biyu daga cikinsu sun mutu lokacin ƙuruciya.
Daga baya Tagore ya fara kula da manyan gidaje a cikin yankin Shelaidakhi, inda ya ƙaura da matarsa da yara bayan fewan shekaru. Sau da yawa yakan zagaya dukiyar sa a jirgin ruwa na kashin kansa, yana karbar kudade kuma yana tattaunawa da mutanen gari wadanda suka shirya hutu don girmama shi.
A farkon karni na 20, jerin masifu sun faru a tarihin rayuwar Rabindranath. A cikin 1902, matarsa ta mutu, kuma shekara ta gaba 'yarsa da mahaifinsa sun tafi. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya sake rasa wani ɗa wanda ya mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara.
Mutuwa
Shekaru 4 kafin mutuwarsa, Tagore ya fara fama da ciwo mai tsanani wanda ya zama babbar cuta. A shekarar 1937, ya fada cikin suma, amma likitoci sun yi nasarar ceton ransa. A cikin 1940, ya sake faɗawa cikin rashin lafiya, wanda daga nan ne ba a ƙaddara masa fita ba.
Rabindranath Tagore ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1941 yana da shekara 80. Mutuwar sa babban abin bakin ciki ne ga duk masu magana da Bengali, waɗanda suka daɗe suna makokinsa.
Hoto daga Rabindranath Tagore
