Pafnuti L. Chebyshev (1821-1894) - Masanin lissafi da makanike dan Rasha, wanda ya kafa makarantar lissafi ta St. Petersburg, malamin makarantar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg da sauran makarantun sakandare na duniya 24. Ya kasance ɗayan manyan masanan lissafi na ƙarni na 19.
Chebyshev ya sami babban sakamako a fagen ka'idar lamba da ka'idar yiwuwa. Bunƙasa gaba ɗaya ka'idar polygials orthogonal da ka'idar daidaitattun daidaito. Wanda ya kafa ka'idar ilimin lissafi na hadewar hanyoyin.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Chebyshev, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin rayuwar Pafnutiy Chebyshev.
Tarihin Chebyshev
An haifi Pafnutiy Chebyshev a ranar 4 ga Mayu (16), 1821 a ƙauyen Akatovo (lardin Kaluga). Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan maigidan mai dukiya Lev Pavlovich da matarsa Agrafena Ivanovna.
Yara da samari
Pafnutiy yayi karatun firamare a gida. Mahaifiyarsa ta koya masa karatu da rubutu, kuma dan uwan Avdotya ya koya masa Faransanci da lissafi.
Yayinda yake yaro, Chebyshev yayi karatun kide-kide, sannan kuma ya nuna matukar sha'awar hanyoyin daban-daban. Yaron yakan tsara zane-zane da na'urori iri-iri.
Lokacin da Pafnutiy ke ɗan shekara 11, shi da danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa Moscow, inda ya ci gaba da samun karatunsa. Iyaye sun yi hayar malamai a fannin ilimin lissafi, lissafi da kuma Latin don ɗansu.
A 1837, Chebyshev ya shiga Sashin Lissafi da Lissafi na Jami’ar Mosko, ya yi karatu a can har zuwa 1841. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya kare rubutun maigidan nasa a kan taken “Kwarewar nazarin ilimin firamare na ka'idar yiwuwa.”
Bayan 'yan watanni kuma aka amince da Pafnutiy Chebyshev a matsayin babban farfesa a jami'ar St. Petersburg. Ya karantar da babban algebra, lissafi, makanikai da sauran fannoni.
Ayyukan kimiyya
Lokacin da Chebyshev yake da shekaru 29, ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar St. Petersburg. Bayan wasu shekaru an tura shi zuwa Burtaniya, Faransa, sannan zuwa Belgium.
A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Paphnutiy ya sami bayanai masu amfani da yawa. Ya karanci injiniyan kere-kere na kasashen waje, sannan kuma ya san tsarin masana'antar masana'antu da ke kera kayayyaki iri-iri.
Bugu da kari, Chebyshev ya hadu da mashahuran masana lissafi, gami da Augustin Cauchy, Jean Bernard Leon Foucault da James Sylvester.
Lokacin da ya isa Rasha, Paphnutiy ya ci gaba da tsunduma cikin ayyukan kimiyya, yana haɓaka ra'ayinsa. Don aikinsa a kan ka'idar daidaitaccen tsarin daidaituwa da ka'idar kusancin ayyuka, an zabe shi ɗan masani na yau da kullun.
Babban sha'awar Chebyshev shine ka'idar lamba, amfani da lissafi, ka'idar yiwuwar, lissafi, ka'idar aikin, da kuma nazarin lissafi.
A cikin 1851, masanin kimiyya ya wallafa shahararren aikinsa "Akan ƙaddarar yawan lambobin lambobi waɗanda ba su wuce darajar da aka bayar ba." An sadaukar da ita ga ka'idar lamba. Ya sami nasarar kafa mafi ƙarancin kusanci - haɗin logarithm.
Aikin Chebyshev ya kawo masa shaharar Turai. Bayan shekara guda, ya buga wani labari mai taken "On primes", wanda a ciki ya yi nazarin jigilar jeri dangane da lambobin farko, kuma ya kirga mizani don haɗuwarsu.
Pafnutiy Chebyshev shine farkon masanin lissafi dan Rasha a ka'idar yiwuwar. A cikin aikinsa "A kan matsakaitan dabi'u" shi ne farkon wanda ya tabbatar da ra'ayin da aka sani a yau akan batun canjin canjin bazuwar, a matsayin ɗayan mahimman ka'idojin ka'idar yiwuwar.
Pafnutiy Chebyshev ya sami babban nasara a cikin nazarin ka'idar kimantawar ayyuka. Ya sadaukar da kimanin shekaru 40 na rayuwarsa ga wannan batun. Lissafin lissafin ya gabatar da warware matsalar gano kalmomin da suka karkace daga sifiri.
Daga baya za'a yi amfani da lissafin Chebyshev a cikin aljebra mai layi na lissafi.
A lokaci guda, mutumin yana nazarin ilimin lissafi da lissafi. Shi ne marubucin ka'idoji game da yanayin haɗuwa don bambancin binomial.
Daga baya Pafnutiy Chebyshev ya buga wata kasida game da lissafi daban-daban, a karkashin taken asali "Game da yankan tufafi." A ciki, ya gabatar da sabon aji na haɗin grid - "hanyoyin sadarwar Chebyshev".
Shekaru da yawa Chebyshev ya yi aiki a sashen manyan bindigogi na soja, yana samun ƙarin nesa da daidaito daga bindigogi. Har wa yau, tsarin Chebyshev an adana shi don ƙayyade kewayon kayan aiki dangane da kusurwar jefawa, saurin farawa da juriya ta iska.
Pafnutius ya ba da hankali sosai ga ka'idar hanyoyin, wanda ya ba da labarin kusan labarai 15. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a ƙarƙashin tasirin tattaunawa tare da Chebyshev, masana kimiyyar Burtaniya James Sylvester da Arthur Cayley sun zama masu sha'awar al'amuran kinematics na hanyoyin.
A cikin 1850s, masanin lissafi ya fara zurfin nazarin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Bayan lissafi da gwaji da yawa, ya kirkiro ka'idar ayyukan da ke karkata daga sifili.
Chebyshev ya bayyana abubuwan da ya gano dalla-dalla a cikin littafin "Ka'idar hanyoyin da aka sani da daidaito", ya zama wanda ya kafa ka'idar ilimin lissafi na hada hanyoyin.
Tsarin inji
A tsawon shekarun tarihin rayuwarsa na kimiyya, Pafnutiy Chebyshev ya tsara sama da hanyoyin 40 daban daban da kusan 80 na canjin su. Yawancin su ana amfani dasu a yau a cikin kera motoci da yin kayan aiki.
Masanin kimiyya ya kirkiro kusan hanyoyin jagoranci guda biyu - mai siffa da lambda da kuma giciye.
A cikin 1876, an gabatar da injin tururin Chebyshev a baje kolin Duniya a Philadelphia, wanda ke da fa'idodi da yawa. Ya kuma kirkiro "mashin din tsire-tsire" wanda yake kwaikwayon tafiyar dabbobi.
A cikin 1893 Pafnutiy Chebyshev ya haɗu da keken hannu na asali, wanda ya kasance kujerar babur. Bugu da kari, makaniki shi ne mahaliccin mashin din na atomatik, wanda a yau ana iya ganin sa a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kereki na Paris.
Waɗannan ba duk abubuwan kirkirar Pafnutius bane, waɗanda aka rarrabe su ta hanyar yawan aiki da kuma ingantacciyar hanyar kasuwanci.
Aikin Pedagogical
Kasancewa memba na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ilimi na Jama'a, Chebyshev ya inganta littattafan karatu kuma ya yi shirye-shirye don 'yan makaranta. Ya yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka da zamanantar da tsarin ilimi.
Mutanen zamanin Pafnutius sun yi da'awar cewa shi ƙwararren malami ne kuma mai tsara abubuwa. Ya yi nasarar kafa ginshiƙin wannan rukunin masana lissafi, wanda daga baya aka san shi da suna Makarantar Lissafi ta St. Petersburg.
Chebyshev ya rayu tsawon rayuwarsa shi kaɗai, yana ba da duk lokacinsa kawai ga kimiyya.
Mutuwa
Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba (8 ga Disamba) 1894 yana da shekara 73. Ya mutu daidai teburinsa.
Hotunan Chebyshev
