Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - Bajamushe masanin lissafi, makaniki, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, masanin taurari da kuma mai bincike. Daya daga cikin manyan masana lissafi a tarihin dan adam, wanda ake kira "sarkin lissafi".
Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Copley, memba na baƙi na Yaren mutanen Sweden da St. Petersburg na Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Royalungiyar Sarauta ta Ingilishi.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya mai yawa na Gauss, wanda zamu tattauna a wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku tarihin rayuwar Karl Gauss ne.
Tarihin Gauss
An haifi Karl Gauss a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1777 a garin Göttingen na Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin sauki, marasa ilimi.
Mahaifin lissafi, Gebhard Dietrich Gauss, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lambu da kuma yin bulo, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Dorothea Benz, 'yar magini ce.
Yara da samari
Karl Gauss na ban mamaki ya fara bayyana tun yana ƙarami. Lokacin da yaron bai kai shekara 3 ba, ya riga ya iya karatu da rubutu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a cikin shekaru 3, Karl ya gyara kuskuren mahaifinsa lokacin da ya rage ko ya ƙara lambobi.
Yaron ya yi lissafi iri-iri a cikin tunaninsa cikin sauki mai ban mamaki, ba tare da neman kirgawa da sauran na'urori ba.
Bayan lokaci, Martin Bartels ya zama malamin Gauss, wanda daga baya zai koyar da Nikolai Lobachevsky. Nan da nan ya fahimci ƙwarewar da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin yaron kuma ya sami damar samo masa tallafin karatu.
Godiya ga wannan, Karl ya sami nasarar kammala karatun sa daga kwaleji inda yayi karatu a cikin lokacin 1792-1795.
A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar saurayi yana da sha'awar ba kawai ilimin lissafi ba, har ma da wallafe-wallafen, karanta ayyukan Ingilishi da Faransanci a cikin asali. Bugu da kari, ya san yaren Latin sosai, wanda a cikinsa ya rubuta yawancin ayyukansa.
A lokacin karatunsa, Karl Gauss ya zurfafa bincike kan ayyukan Newton, Euler da Lagrange. Har ma a wannan lokacin, ya iya tabbatar da dokar sake rarrabuwa ta saura, wanda ko Euler bai iya yi ba.
Hakanan, mutumin ya gudanar da karatu a fannin "rarraba kurakurai na al'ada."
Ayyukan kimiyya
A shekarar 1795 Karl ya shiga jami’ar Göttingen, inda ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru 3. A wannan lokacin, ya yi bincike daban-daban.
Gauss ya iya gina 17-gon tare da kamfani da mai mulki, kuma ya warware matsalar gina polygons na yau da kullun. A lokaci guda, yana da sha'awar ayyukan motsa jiki, ba na Euclidean ba da kuma quaternions, wanda ya gano shekaru 30 kafin Hamilton.
Yayin rubuce-rubucen ayyukansa, Karl Gauss koyaushe yana bayyana tunaninsa daki-daki, yana guje wa hanyoyin da ba a fahimta da kuma rashi magana.
A shekarar 1801, masanin lissafi ya wallafa shahararren aikinsa na ilimin lissafi. Ya rufe fannoni da yawa na ilimin lissafi, gami da ka'idar lamba.
A wancan lokacin Gauss ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Braunschweig, sannan daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin mamba daidai a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg.
A shekara 24, Karl ya sami sha'awar ilimin taurari. Yayi karatun kanikanci na samaniya, kewayen kananan taurari da abubuwan da suke damunsu. Ya sami hanyar nemo hanyar tantance abubuwan kewayawa daga cikakkun abubuwan lura guda 3.
Ba da daɗewa ba, aka yi maganar Gauss ko'ina cikin Turai. Yawancin jihohi sun gayyace shi ya yi aiki, ciki har da Rasha.
Karl ya sami daukaka zuwa farfesa a Göttingen sannan kuma an nada shi shugaban Göttingen Observatory.
A shekarar 1809, mutumin ya kammala sabon aiki, mai taken "Ka'idar motsin halittun sama." A ciki, ya bayyana dalla-dalla ka'idar canonical na lissafin kuɗi don rikicewar yanayi.
A shekara mai zuwa, an ba Gauss kyautar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris da Royal Society of London Medal Gold. An yi amfani da lissafinsa da ka'idojinsa a duk duniya, suna kiran shi "sarkin lissafi".
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan tarihinsa, Karl Gauss ya ci gaba da yin sabbin abubuwa. Ya yi karatun silsilar hypergeometric kuma ya fito da hujja ta farko game da babban ka'idar algebra.
A cikin 1820 Gauss yayi nazarin Hanover ta amfani da sabbin hanyoyin lissafin sa. A sakamakon haka, ya zama wanda ya kafa mafi girman yanayin ƙasa. Wani sabon lokaci ya bayyana a cikin ilimin kimiyya - "Gaussian curvature".
Lokaci guda, Karl ya kafa harsashin ci gaban ilimin lissafi daban-daban. A 1824 an zabe shi memba na baƙi na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg.
Shekarar mai zuwa, masanin lissafi ya gano hadadden adadi na Gaussian, daga baya kuma ya sake wallafa wani littafi "Akan sabuwar dokar gamaiyar kanikanci", wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sababbin ka'idoji, ra'ayoyi da ƙididdigar asali.
Bayan lokaci, Karl Gauss ya sadu da matashin masanin kimiyyar lissafi Wilhelm Weber, wanda ya karanci ilimin lantarki. Masana kimiyya sun kirkiri gidan waya mai amfani da lantarki kuma suna yin wasu gwaje-gwaje.
A cikin 1839, wani mutum mai shekaru 62 ya koyi yaren Rasha. Yawancin marubutan tarihin sa suna da'awar cewa ya kware da harshen Rasha don nazarin abubuwan da Lobachevsky ya gano, wanda yayi magana sosai game da shi.
Daga baya, Karl ya rubuta ayyuka 2 - "Babban ka'ida game da karfin jan hankali da kuma tunkuɗewa, yana yin aiki daidai da murabba'in nesa" da "Karatun Diopter".
Abokan aikin Gauss sun yi mamakin wasan kwaikwayonsa na ban mamaki da ƙwarewar lissafi. A kowane fanni da yayi aiki, ya sami damar yin bincike ko'ina kuma ya inganta nasarorin da ake samu.
Karl bai taba wallafa ra'ayoyin da yake tsammani "danye ne" ko bai gama ba. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ya jinkirta fitar da yawancin binciken nasa, ya sha gaban sauran masana kimiyya.
Koyaya, wasu nasarorin kimiyya da Karl Gauss ya samu sun sanya shi ya zama baƙon gwarzo a fagen ilimin lissafi da sauran takamaiman ilimin kimiyya.
Bangaren auna karfin maganadisu a cikin tsarin CGS, wani tsari ne na auna yawan electromagnetic, gami da daya daga cikin mahimman taurarin samaniya, Gaussian akai, an sanya masa suna cikin girmamawarsa.
Rayuwar mutum
Karl ya yi aure yana da shekara 28 yarinya mai suna Johanna Osthof. A cikin wannan auren, an haifi 'ya'ya uku, wanda biyu daga cikinsu suka rayu - ɗan Yusuf da' yar Minna.
Matar Gauss ta mutu shekaru 4 bayan bikin, jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar ɗansu na uku.
Bayan 'yan watanni, masanin kimiyya ya auri Wilhelmina Waldeck, abokin ƙawar marigayiyar matarsa. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, an haifi wasu yara uku.
Bayan shekaru 21 da aure, Wilhelmina ya mutu. Gauss ya sha wahalar barin masoyiyarsa, sakamakon haka ya sami rashin bacci mai tsanani.
Mutuwa
Karl Gauss ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1855 a Göttingen yana da shekara 77. Saboda gagarumar gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin kimiyya, masarautar Hanover, George 5, ta ba da umarnin kera lambar da ke nuna babban malamin lissafi.
Gauss Hotuna
