Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906-1975) - Marubucin Rasha da Soviet, mawaƙi da malamin kiɗa. Mawallafin Mutane na Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta babbar kyauta.
Aya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na karni na 20, marubucin symphonies 15 da quartets 15, kide kide da wake-wake 6, opera 3, ballets 3, ayyuka da yawa na kiɗan ɗakin.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya da yawa na Shostakovich, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin rayuwar Dmitry Shostakovich.
Tarihin Shostakovich
An haifi Dmitry Shostakovich a ranar 12 ga Satumbar (25), 1906. Mahaifinsa, Dmitry Boleslavovich, ya karanci kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a jami'ar St.
Mahaifiyar mawakiyar, Sofya Vasilievna, 'yar fiyano ce. Ita ce ta cusa ƙaunar kiɗa a cikin yara uku: Dmitry, Maria da Zoya.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Shostakovich ya kasance kusan shekaru 9, iyayensa sun aike shi zuwa Gymnasium na Kasuwanci. A lokaci guda, mahaifiyarsa ta koya masa yadda ake kiɗa piano. Ba da daɗewa ba ta ɗauki ɗanta zuwa makarantar kiɗa na shahararren malamin Glasser.
A karkashin jagorancin Glasser, Dmitry ya sami nasarar yin wasa da piano, amma malamin bai koya masa yadda ake yin abu ba, sakamakon haka yaron ya bar makaranta bayan shekaru 3.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Shostakovich mai shekaru 11 ya ga wani mummunan al'amari wanda ya kasance a ƙwaƙwalwar sa har tsawon rayuwarsa. A gaban idanunsa, wani Cossack, ya tarwatsa taron mutane, ya sare yaro da takobi. Daga baya, matashin mawaki zai rubuta wani aiki "Jana'izar jana'iza don tunawa da wadanda juyin juya halin ya rutsa da su", bisa la’akari da tunanin bala’in da ya faru.
A cikin 1919 Dmitry ya sami nasarar cin jarrabawar a Kwalejin Kwalejin Petrograd. Bugu da kari, ya tsunduma cikin gudanarwa. Bayan 'yan watanni, saurayin ya kirkiro aikin sa na farko - "Scherzo fis-moll".
A shekara mai zuwa Shostakovich ya shiga ajin piano na Leonid Nikolaev. Ya fara halartar Anna Vogt Circle, wanda ya mai da hankali ga mawaƙa Yammacin Turai.
Dmitry Shostakovich ya yi karatu a Conservatory da ɗoki, duk da mawuyacin lokacin da ya mamaye Rasha a lokacin: Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (1914-1918), Juyin juya halin Oktoba, yunwa. Kusan kowace rana ana iya ganinsa a Philharmonic na yankin, inda yake sauraro da babban nishaɗi ga kide kide da wake-wake.
A cewar mawaƙin a wancan lokacin, saboda rauni na zahiri, dole ne ya isa gidan karatun a ƙafa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Dmitry kawai bashi da ƙarfin matsawa cikin motar, wanda ɗaruruwan mutane ke ƙoƙarin shiga.
Ganin tsananin matsalolin kudi, Shostakovich ya sami aiki a sinima a matsayin mai wasan piano, wanda ke rakiyar finafinan shiru tare da wasan kwaikwayonsa. Shostakovich ya tuna wannan lokacin tare da ƙyama. Aikin ba shi da kuɗi sosai kuma ya ɗauki kuzari sosai.
A waccan lokacin, mahimmin taimako da tallafi ga mawaƙin an ba da shi ta wurin malamin malamin malanta na St. Petersburg Conservatory Alexander Glazunov, wanda ya sami damar ba shi ƙarin abinci da kuma tallafin karatu na mutum.
A cikin 1923 Shostakovich ya kammala karatu daga Conservatory a fiyano, kuma bayan 'yan shekaru daga baya a cikin abun da ke ciki.
Halitta
A tsakiyar 1920s, madugun Bajamushe Bruno Walter ne ya lura da baiwar Dmitry, wanda daga baya ya zo Tarayyar Soviet. Ya nemi matashin mawaƙin ya aika shi zuwa Jamus da lambar yabo ta Symphony ta Farko, wadda Shostakovich ya rubuta a ƙuruciyarsa.
Sakamakon haka, Bruno ya yi wani abu ta wani mawaƙin Rasha a Berlin. Bayan haka, sauran shahararrun masu zane-zanen kasashen waje sun yi kidan na farko. Godiya ga wannan, Shostakovich ya sami shahararrun mutane a duk duniya.
A cikin 1930s, Dmitry Dmitrievich ya tsara wasan kwaikwayo Lady Macbeth na Gundumar Mtsensk. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa da farko wannan aikin ya sami karbuwa sosai a cikin USSR, amma daga baya ya sha suka sosai. Joseph Stalin yayi magana akan opera azaman kidan da mai sauraron Soviet bai fahimta ba.
A waccan shekarun, tarihin rayuwar Shostakovich ya rubuta symphonies 6 da "Jazz Suite". A 1939 ya zama farfesa.
A farkon watanni na Babban Yaƙin rioasa (1941-1945), mawaki ya yi aiki a kan ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin 7th. An fara yin sa a Rasha a cikin Maris 1942, kuma bayan watanni 4 aka gabatar da shi a Amurka. A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, an buga waƙoƙin kaɗe-kaɗe a cikin Leningrad da aka kewaye kuma ya zama ainihin ƙarfafawa ga mazaunanta.
A lokacin yakin, Dmitry Shostakovich ya sami damar kirkiro Symphony na 8, wanda aka rubuta a cikin nau'in neoclassical. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu ta hanyar waka a 1946 an ba shi kyauta ta Stalin sau uku!
Koyaya, bayan wasu shekaru, hukumomi sun yiwa Shostakovich mummunan suka, suna zarginsa da "bourgeois formalism" da "yin gulma a gaban Yammacin duniya." Sakamakon haka ne aka cire mutumin daga farfesa.
Duk da fitinar, a cikin 1949 an bar mawaƙin ya tashi zuwa Amurka don taron duniya don kare zaman lafiya, inda ya ba da dogon jawabi. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya karɓi Kyautar Stalin ta huɗu don cantata Song of the Forests.
A cikin 1950, Dmitry Shostakovich, ta hanyar ayyukan Bach, ya rubuta 24 Preludes da Fugues. Daga baya ya gabatar da jerin wasannin kwaikwayo "Rawa don Dolls", sannan kuma ya rubuta Symphonies na Goma da Goma Sha ɗaya.
A rabi na biyu na shekarun 1950, waƙar Shostakovich cike take da kyakkyawan fata. A cikin 1957, ya zama shugaban ofungiyar Unionungiyoyi, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya zama memba na Partyungiyar Kwaminis.
A cikin shekarun 60, maigidan ya rubuta Symphonies na goma sha biyu, na sha uku da na sha huɗu. Ayyukansa an yi su a cikin mafi kyawun al'ummomin duniya a duniya. A ƙarshen aikinsa na kiɗa, bayanan baƙin ciki sun fara bayyana a cikin ayyukansa. Aikinsa na karshe shine Sonata don Viola da Piano.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin shekarun tarihin rayuwarsa, Dmitry Shostakovich ya yi aure sau uku. Matarsa ta farko masannin sararin samaniya ne Nina Vasilievna. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, an haifi ɗa Maxim da yarinya Galina.
Ma'auratan sun rayu kusan shekara 20, har zuwa mutuwar Nina Vasilievna, wacce ta mutu a 1954. Bayan wannan, mutumin ya auri Margarita Kainova, amma wannan auren bai daɗe ba.
A shekarar 1962 Shostakovich ya auri Irina Supinskaya a karo na uku, wanda ya rayu da shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Matar ta so mijinta kuma ta kula da shi a lokacin rashin lafiyarsa.
Cuta da mutuwa
A shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, Dmitry Dmitrievich ba shi da lafiya, yana fama da cutar kansa ta huhu. Bugu da kari, yana da mummunan rashin lafiya hade da lalacewar tsokoki na kafafu - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Mafi kyawun masana Soviet da baƙi na ƙasashen waje sun yi ƙoƙari don taimaka wa mawaƙin, amma lafiyar sa ta ci gaba da taɓarɓarewa. A shekarar 1970-1971. Shostakovich ya sha zuwa garin Kurgan akai-akai don yin magani a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Dr. Gabriel Ilizarov.
Mawaƙin ya yi atisaye kuma ya sha magungunan da suka dace. Duk da haka, cutar ta ci gaba da ci gaba. A cikin 1975, ya kamu da ciwon zuciya, dangane da wannan an ɗauki mawaƙin zuwa asibiti.
A ranar mutuwarsa, Shostakovich ya shirya kallon ƙwallon ƙafa tare da matarsa daidai a cikin unguwa. Ya aika wa matarsa da wasiku, da ta dawo, mijinta ya riga ya mutu. Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1975 yana da shekara 68.
Shostakovich Hotuna
