Socrates - wani tsohon masanin falsafar Girka wanda yayi juyin juya hali a falsafar. Tare da hanyarsa ta musamman ta bin diddigin ma'ana (maieutics, dialectics), ya ja hankalin masana falsafa ba kawai ga fahimtar mutum ba, har ma da ci gaban ilimin ka'idoji a matsayin babban hanyar tunani.
Tarihin rayuwar Socrates cike yake da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa. Mun bayyana mafi kyawun su a cikin labarin daban.
Don haka, a gabanka gajeriyar tarihin rayuwar Socrates.
Tarihin Socrates
Ba a san takamaiman ranar haihuwar Socrates ba. An yi imani cewa an haife shi a 469 BC. a Atina. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan wani mutum mai suna Sofronisk.
Mahaifiyar Socrates, Phanareta, ungozoma ce. Har ila yau masanin falsafar yana da babban yaya, Patroclus, wanda shugaban gidan ya yi masa wasiyya da yawancin gadonsa.
Yara da samari
An haifi Socrates a ranar 6 Fargelion, a ranar "mara tsabta", wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin rayuwarsa. Dangane da dokokin lokacin, ya zama firist na tsawon rayuwar lafiyar gwamnatin Athen ba tare da kulawa ba.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin zamanin zamanin, ana iya yin hadaya da Socrates ta yarda da yarda da mashahurin taron. Tsoffin Girkawa sun yi imani da cewa ta wannan hanyar sadaukarwa ta ba da gudummawa wajen magance matsaloli a cikin al'umma.
Da girma, Socrates ya sami ilimi daga Damon, Conon, Zeno, Anaxagoras da Archelaus. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa a lokacin rayuwarsa mai tunani bai rubuta littafi ko guda ba.
A zahiri, tarihin rayuwar Socrates shine tunanin ɗalibansa da mabiyansa, daga cikinsu akwai shahararren Aristotle.
Baya ga sha'awar sa na kimiyya da falsafa, Socrates ya taka rawa wajen kare mahaifarsa. Ya halarci kamfen soja sau 3, yana nuna ƙarfin gwiwa a fagen fama. Akwai sanannen lamari lokacin da ya ceci ran kwamandansa Alcibiades.
Falsafar Socrates
Socrates ya bayyana duk tunaninsa da baki, ya gwammace kada ya rubuta su. A ra'ayinsa, irin waɗannan rikodin sun lalata ƙwaƙwalwa kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga rasa ma'anar wannan ko waccan gaskiyar.
Falsafar sa ta dogara ne da akidojin ɗabi'u da bayyanannun halaye na ɗabi'u, gami da ilimi, ƙarfin zuciya da gaskiya.
Socrates yayi jayayya cewa ilimi shine halin kirki. Idan mutum bai iya fahimtar ainihin wasu ma'anoni ba, to ba zai iya zama mai halin kirki ba, don nuna ƙarfin zuciya, gaskiya, soyayya, da sauransu.
Almajiran Socrates, Plato da Xenophon, sun bayyana ra'ayoyin masu tunani kan ɗabi'ar mugunta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Na farkon ya bayyana cewa Socrates yana da mummunan ra'ayi game da mugunta koda kuwa an yi shi ne akan abokan gaba. Na biyu ya ce Socrates ya yarda mugunta idan ta faru da nufin kariya.
Anyi bayanin irin wadannan maganganu masu rikitarwa da bayanin ta hanyar koyarwar da take tattare da Socrates. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, ya yi magana da ɗalibai ta hanyar tattaunawa, tunda da wannan hanyar sadarwa ne aka haifi gaskiya.
A dalilin wannan, sojan Socrates ya tattauna da kwamanda Xenophon game da yaƙin kuma sun tattauna mugunta ta amfani da misalan faɗa da abokan gaba. Plato ɗan Atine ne mai zaman lafiya, don haka masanin falsafar ya gina maganganu daban-daban tare da shi, inda ya nemi wasu misalai.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa ban da tattaunawa, falsafar Socrates tana da manyan bambance-bambance da yawa, gami da:
- yare, salo na neman gaskiya;
- ma'anar ra'ayoyi ta hanyar jan hankali, daga takamaiman zuwa na gaba ɗaya;
- bincika gaskiya tare da taimakon maieutics - fasahar cire ilimin da ke ɓoye a cikin kowane mutum ta hanyar manyan tambayoyi.
Lokacin da Socrates ya yunkuro don neman gaskiyar, sai ya yi wa abokin hamayyarsa tambayoyi da yawa, bayan haka sai mai tattaunawar ya ɓace kuma ya kai ga ƙarshe. Har ila yau, mai tunani yana son gina tattaunawa daga akasin haka, sakamakon abin da abokin hamayyarsa ya fara saba wa nasa "gaskiyar".
An dauki Socrates daya daga cikin mutane masu hikima, alhali shi kansa baiyi tunanin haka ba. Mashahurin maganar Girkawa ya wanzu har zuwa yau:
"Na dai sani ban san komai ba, amma wasu ma ba su san wannan ba."
Socrates bai nemi nuna mutum a matsayin wawa ko sanya shi cikin mawuyacin hali ba. Kawai yana son gano gaskiya tare da abokin maganarsa. Don haka, shi da masu sauraron sa zasu iya bayyana mahimman bayanai kamar adalci, gaskiya, wayo, mugunta, nagarta da sauransu.
Aristotle, wanda dalibi ne na Plato, ya yanke shawarar bayyana hanyar Socratic. Ya bayyana cewa ainihin mawuyacin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma shine:
"Humanabi'ar ɗan adam yanayin tunani ne."
Socrates ya ji daɗin babban iko tare da 'yan ƙasa, sakamakon haka sukan zo gare shi don ilimi. A lokaci guda, bai koya wa mabiyansa iya magana ko wata sana'a ba.
Masanin falsafar ya karfafawa daliban sa gwiwa su nuna nagarta ga mutane, kuma musamman ga masoyan su.
Abin mamaki ne cewa Socrates bai karɓi kuɗi don koyarwarsa ba, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin yawancin mutanen Atina. Hakan ya faru ne saboda yadda a wancan lokacin iyayen suke koyar da yaran. Koyaya, lokacin da matasa suka sami labarin hikimar ɗan ƙasarsu, sai suka hanzarta neman ilimi daga gareshi.
Tsoffin al'ummomin sun yi fushi, sakamakon haka zargin kisan da aka yiwa Socrates na "lalata matasa".
Manyan mutane sunyi jayayya cewa mai tunani yana juya matasa akan iyayensu, kuma yana sanya musu ra'ayoyi masu cutarwa.
Wani batun da ya kai Socrates ga mutuwa shi ne zargin rashin tsarkaka da bautar waɗansu alloli. Ya bayyana cewa rashin adalci ne a yiwa mutum hukunci da ayyukan sa, tunda sharri na faruwa ne saboda rashin sani.
A lokaci guda, akwai wuri na alheri a cikin ruhin kowane mutum, kuma mai taimakon aljannu yana tattare da kowane rai.
Muryar wannan aljanin, wanda yau da yawa zasu bayyana shi a matsayin "mala'ika mai kiyayewa", lokaci zuwa lokaci yana sanya raɗaɗi ga Socrates yadda ya kamata ya kasance cikin yanayi mai wuya.
Aljanin "ya taimaka" ga Socrates a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, don haka ba zai iya yi masa biyayya ba. Atheniyawa sun ɗauki wannan aljanin majiɓinci don sabon allah, wanda ake zargin mai falsafar yana bauta masa.
Rayuwar mutum
Har zuwa shekaru 37, babu wani babban abu da ya faru a tarihin rayuwar Socrates. Lokacin da Alcibiades ya hau karagar mulki, wanda mai tunani ya tseratar yayin yaƙin da Spartans, mazaunan Athens suna da wani dalili na zargin shi.
Kafin isowar kwamanda Alcibiades, dimokuradiyya ta bunkasa a Athens, bayan haka aka kafa mulkin kama-karya. A dabi'ance, yawancin Girkawa basu ji dadin gaskiyar cewa Socrates ya taba ceton ran kwamandan ba.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa masanin falsafar da kansa koyaushe yana ƙoƙari ya kare mutanen da aka yanke wa hukunci ba da gaskiya ba. A iyakar iyawarsa, ya kuma yi adawa da wakilan gwamnati mai ci.
Tuni a cikin tsufa, Socrates ya auri Xanthippe, wanda ya sami 'ya'ya maza da yawa daga gare shi. Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa matar ba ruwanta da hikimar mijinta, tana da banbanci da halayenta marasa kyau.
A gefe guda, ana iya fahimtar Xanthippus cewa duk Socrates kusan bai shiga cikin rayuwar dangi ba, bai yi aiki ba kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci rayuwar assha.
Ya yi tafiya kan tituna cikin tsummoki kuma ya yi magana game da gaskiya daban-daban tare da masu tattaunawa da shi. Matar ta sha zagin mijinta a bainar jama'a har ma ta yi amfani da naushi.
An shawarci Socrates da ya kori mace mai taurin kai wacce ta tozarta shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a, amma sai kawai ya yi murmushi ya ce: "Ina so in koyi fasahar ma'amala da mutane kuma na auri Xanthippe cikin kwarin gwiwa cewa idan har zan iya haƙuri da fushinta, zan iya jure wa kowane irin halayya."
Mutuwar Socrates
Mun kuma san game da mutuwar babban malamin falsafa saboda ayyukan Plato da Xenophon. 'Yan Athen sun zargi dan uwansu da rashin sanin alloli da lalata matasa.
Socrates ya ki amincewa da mai tsaron baya, yana mai cewa zai kare kansa. Ya musanta dukkan zarge-zargen da ake yi masa. Kari kan haka, ya ki bayar da tarar a matsayin madadin azaba, kodayake bisa ga doka yana da 'yancin yin hakan.
Hakanan Socrates ya hana abokansa su saka masa ajiya. Ya bayyana wannan ne da cewa biyan tarar na nufin yarda da laifi.
Jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, abokai suka ba Socrates don shirya tserewa, amma ya ƙi wannan gaba ɗaya. Ya ce mutuwa za ta same shi ko'ina, don haka babu ma'ana a guje ta.
A ƙasa kuna iya ganin shahararren zanen "Mutuwa na Socrates":
Mai tunanin ya fi son kisa ta hanyar shan guba. Socrates ya mutu a cikin 399 yana da kimanin shekaru 70. Wannan shine yadda ɗayan manyan masana falsafa a tarihin ɗan adam ya mutu.
Hotunan Socrates
