Harshe shine farkon kayan aiki da rikitarwa da mutum yake amfani dasu. Shine mafi tsufa, mafi dacewa da ma'anar kayan aiki na ɗan adam. Ba tare da yare ba, ƙaramar al'umma ba za ta iya kasancewa ba, balle maganar wayewa ta zamani. Ba abin mamaki ba ne marubutan almara na kimiyya waɗanda a wasu lokuta suke ƙoƙarin tunanin yadda duniya za ta kasance ba tare da roba, karafa, itace, da sauransu ba, ba zai taɓa faruwa a tunanin duniya ba tare da yare ba - irin wannan duniyar, a fahimtarmu da kalmar, kawai ba za ta wanzu ba.
Mutum yana kula da duk abin da ba shi ba ne (kuma ga wanda aka halitta) tare da son sani. Harshe ma ba banda bane. Tabbas, ba za mu taɓa sanin wanda ya fara yin tunani game da dalilin da ya sa muke kiran burodin burodi ba, kuma ga Jamusawa “brot” ne. Amma tare da ci gaban al'umma, ana fara yin irin waɗannan tambayoyin sau da yawa. Mutanen da ke da ilimi sun fara saka su, nan da nan suna ƙoƙari - ta hanyar ba da hujja don lokacin - don neman amsoshi. Tare da bayyanar rubutattun adabi, anyi gasa, sabili da haka zargi, lura da gazawar harshen. Misali, A.S Pushkin ya taɓa ba da amsa a rubuce don yin nazarin wani aikinsa, wanda ya ƙunshi iƙirarin 251.
A lokacin rayuwarsa, Pushkin ya sha fuskantar suka mai ban tsoro
A hankali, an tsara tsarin dokokin ilimin harshe, kuma mutanen da ke cikin wannan tsarin sun fara - wasu lokuta shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwa - don a kira su masana ilimin harshe. An sanya rarraba harsuna a kan tsarin kimiyya tare da rarrabuwa, fannoni, makarantu, al'ummomi har ma da masu adawa da su. Kuma ya bayyana cewa ilimin harshe na iya fassara harshe har zuwa nau'ikan halittu masu rai, amma bai yiwu ba a ƙirƙiro da tsarin haɗin kai da rarraba sassan harshen har yanzu.
1. Tarihin ilimin harsuna wani lokacin yakan fara jagoranci kusan daga lokacin bayyanar tsarin rubutu na farko. Tabbas, a matsayin ilimin kimiyya, ilimin harshe ya taso daga baya. Wataƙila, wannan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 5 zuwa 4 kafin haihuwar Yesu. e., lokacin da a tsohuwar Girka ta fara nazarin maganganu. Tsarin ilmantarwa ya hada da karanta matani na jawabai daban-daban da kuma yin nazarin su ta mahangar karatu da rubutu, salo, gini. A ƙarni na farko A.Z. e. a kasar Sin akwai jerin gwanon rubutu, kwatankwacin na kamus din yanzu, da kuma tarin wakoki (farkon salon sauti na zamani). Karatun harsuna da yawa sun fara bayyana a ƙarni na 16 - 17.
2. Ta yaya ingantaccen ilimin harshe ne kimiyya za a iya yin hukunci da shekaru masu yawa (kuma har yanzu ya ƙare) tattaunawar duniya game da sassan magana. Sunan kawai ne ya rage a cikin wannan tattaunawar. An hana haƙƙin zama ɓangarorin magana ga lambobi masu yawa da na yau da kullun da kuma maganganu, an rubuta ɓangarori a cikin sifofi, kuma maganganu sun zama karin magana. Bafaranshe dan Faransa Joseph Vandries, a bayyane yake ya yanke kauna, ya yanke shawarar cewa bangarori biyu ne na magana: suna da aiki - bai sami wani banbanci na asali tsakanin suna da sifa ba. Masanin harsunan Rasha Alexander Peshkovsky ba shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi - a ra'ayinsa, akwai ɓangarorin magana huɗu. Ya kara fi'ili da adverb a cikin suna da siffa. Masanin ilimin kimiyya Viktor Vinogradov ya ware sassa 8 na magana da barbashi 5. Kuma wannan ba komai bane game da al'amuran kwanakin da suka shude, a karni na ashirin ne. A ƙarshe, Nahawun Ilimin Ilimin na 1952-1954 yana magana ne da ɓangarori 10 na magana, kuma a cikin nahawu guda ta fitowar 1980 akwai kuma ɓangarorin magana goma. Shin an haifi gaskiya cikin rikici? Komai yadda abin yake! Adadin da sunayen sassan maganganun sun zo daidai, amma yawan kalmomin suna ta yawo daga wani bangare na magana zuwa wani.
3. Kamar yadda yake a kowane ilimin kimiyya, a cikin ilimin ilimin harshe akwai bangarori, kusan goma sha biyu daga gare su, daga ilimin ilimin harshe na gaba ɗaya zuwa ilimin harshe mai tasiri. Bugu da kari, wasu fannoni da dama sun taso a mahadar ilimin harshe tare da sauran ilimin kimiyya.
4. Akwai abin da ake kira. ilimin harshe mai son. Na hukuma, "ƙwararrun masana" masana harsuna suna ɗaukar mabiyanta a matsayin yan koyo kuma galibi suna amfani da kalmar "pseudoscientific". Masu bin kansu suna ɗaukar ka'idojin su ne kaɗai daidai kuma suna zargin ƙwararrun masanan da jingina kansu ga ka'idojin da suka gabata saboda taken sarauta da mukamai. Nazarin harshe na Mikhail Zadornov za a iya la'akari da shi misali na misali na ilimin harshe mai son. Masu ilimin harshe mai son suna da halin neman asalin Rasha a cikin dukkan kalmomin kowane yare. Bugu da ƙari, asalin da ke daidai, alal misali, zuwa tsoffin ƙasashe sunaye, an ɗauke su daga yaren Rasha na zamani. Wata "dabara" ta mai son taimako ita ce neman ɓoyayyiyar ma'anar, "primordial" a cikin kalmomi.
Mikhail Zadornov a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin ilimin harshe mai son. London "kumatu a kan Don"
5. A kimiyyar lissafi, wakilin farko na ilimin harshe mai son ya kasance mai yiwuwa Academician Alexander Potebnya. Wannan babban masanin ilimin ilimin harshe a karni na 19, tare da fitattun ayyuka a kan nahawu da asalin kalmar, shi ne marubucin ayyukan wanda a cikin sa yake fassara ma'anar halayen tatsuniya da haruffan almara. Bugu da kari, Potebnya ya danganta kalmomin "rabo" da "farin ciki" da ra'ayoyin Slavic game da Allah. Yanzu masu bincike suna kiran masanin a hankali da mutunci saboda girmamawarsa ga ilimin kimiyya.
Alexander Potebnya ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Babban Ba'amurke, kuma ƙaramin yaren Rasha yaren ne. A cikin Ukraine, wannan ba ya damun kowa, saboda Potebnya ya yi aiki a Kharkov, wanda ke nufin shi dan Yukren ne
6. Ana amfani da sautuka na yaren ta hanyar karin sauti. Wannan yawanci galibi babban reshe ne na ilimin ilimin harshe. Wanda ya kirkiro sautin harshen Rashanci ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin masanin kimiyya tare da kyakkyawan lafazi mai suna Baudouin de Courtenay don kunnen Russia. Gaskiya ne, sunan babban malamin ilimi da gaske yaren Rasha ne: Ivan Alexandrovich. Baya ga sautin magana, yana da masaniya a wasu fannoni na yaren Rasha. Misali, yana shirya sabon bugun kamus din Dahl don bugawa, ya gabatar da kalmomin batanci a ciki, wanda abokan aikinsa suka yi masa suka ba tare da jin kai ba - ba su tunanin irin gyaran da aka yi wa juyin juya halin. A karkashin jagorancin Baudouin de Courtenay, ɗaukacin makarantun masana kimiyya sunyi aiki, wanda kusan ya taka filin sautin. Saboda haka, don neman abinci, masana kimiyyar zamani da ke nazarin abubuwan mamakin sauti a cikin yare dole ne su ayyana kalmomi kamar “northA”, “southA”, “capacity”, da sauransu, a matsayin ƙa’idar ilimin harshe - mutane suna aiki, suna nazari.
7. Rayuwar IA Baudouin de Courtenay tana da ban sha'awa ba wai kawai saboda babbar gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga ilimin harshe ba. Masanin ya kasance mai himma a siyasa. An zabi shi ne don shugaban kasar Poland mai cin gashin kanta. Zaɓukan, waɗanda aka gudanar a 1922 a zagaye uku, Baudouin de Courtenay ya sha kaye, amma ya kasance na mafi kyau - ba da daɗewa ba aka kashe zababben shugaban ƙasar Gabriel Narutovich.
I. Baudouin de Courtenay
8. Nahawu yana nazarin ka'idojin haɗa kalmomi da juna. Littafin farko a kan nahawun harshen Rashanci Heinrich Ludolph Bajamushe ya buga shi a yaren Latin. Ilimin halittar jiki ya yi nazarin yadda kalmar ta canza zuwa “dacewa” da maƙwabtan jumla. Yadda ake haɗa kalmomi zuwa manyan tsari (jimloli da jimloli) yana koyan yadda ake tsara su. Kuma ma'anar rubutu (lafazi), kodayake wani lokacin ana kiranta sashin ilimin harshe, haƙiƙa amintaccen tsari ne na dokoki. An bayyana ƙa'idodin nahawun zamani na yaren Rashanci kuma an kafa su a cikin fitowar ta 1980.
9. Lexicology yayi bayani kan ma'anar kalmomi da haduwarsu. A cikin kalmomin ilimin kalmomi akwai aƙalla ƙarin 7 -'logies ', amma salo ne kawai ke da mahimmancin amfani a rayuwar yau da kullun. Wannan ɓangaren yana bincika ma'anoni - ɓoye, maanar ma'anar kalmomi. Malami mai san salo na Rasha ba zai taɓa - ba tare da wata hujja ba - ya kira mace “kaza” ko “tumaki”, tunda a cikin Rashanci waɗannan kalmomin suna da ma'anar mara kyau game da mata - wawa, wawa. Mai salo na China zai kuma kira mace da “kaza” kawai idan ya zama dole. A yin haka, zai kasance yana da tunanin ƙarancin zamantakewar wanda aka bayyana. "Tumaki" a cikin Sinanci alama ce ta kyakkyawan kyakkyawa. A cikin 2007, shugaban ɗayan gundumomi a cikin Altai, jahilcin salo, yakai 42,000 rubles. A wurin taron, ya kira shugaban majalisar ƙauyen "akuya" (hukuncin ya ce: "ɗayan dabbobin gona, wanda sunansa ke da ma'ana mara kyau a fili"). Shari’ar shugaban karamar hukumar ta gamsu da kotun majistare, kuma wanda aka ci zarafin ya samu diyya 15,000 saboda lalacewar tarbiyya, jihar ta samu tarar dubu 20, kuma kotun ta gamsu da rubin 7,000 na farashin.
10. Lexicology ana iya kiransa dangi talaka a cikin dangin rassan ilimin harshe. Sautin magana da nahawu suna da tsofaffin dangi da suke tafiya a wani wuri a cikin tsaunuka na sama - ilimin tsarin magana da nahawu, daidai da haka. Ba sa durƙusawa zuwa rayuwar yau da kullun na matsalolin banal da lokuta. Rabonsu shine bayyana yadda kuma me yasa duk abin da ke akwai a cikin yaren ya zama. Kuma, a lokaci guda, ciwon kai na yawancin ɗaliban ilimin halin mutum. Babu takaddar sananniyar lafaziyar magana.
11. Babban masanin kimiyyar Rasha Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ba wai kawai yayi binciken ne a cikin kimiyyar halittu ba. Ya kuma lura da kansa a cikin ilimin harshe. Musamman, a cikin “nahawun na Rasha” shi ne farkon mai ilimin harshe da ya mai da hankali ga jinsin jinsi a cikin harshen Rashanci. Halin da ake ciki a wancan lokacin shine a danganta abubuwa marasa rai ga jinsin halittar tsakiya (kuma hakan ci gaba ne, saboda akwai jinsi 7 a nahawun na Smotritsa). Lomonosov, wanda a ƙa'ida, ya ƙi tura harshe cikin makirci, ya yi la’akari da danganta sunayen abubuwa ga jinsi da ba shi da kauna, amma ya fahimci gaskiyar harshen.
M.V. Lomonosov ya ƙirƙiri nahawu sosai da harshen Rashanci
12. An bayyana aikin masana ilimin harshe na musamman a cikin dystopia na George Orwell "1984". Daga cikin hukumomin gwamnati na kasar almara, akwai sashen da dubban ma'aikata ke cire kalmomin "ba dole ba" daga kamus din. Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda ke aiki a wannan sashen a hankalce ya bayyana mahimmancin aikinsa ta hanyar kasancewar harshen kwata-kwata baya buƙatar maganganu masu yawa na kalmar, misali, “mai kyau”. Me yasa duk waɗannan "abin yabo", "mai ɗaukaka", "mai hankali", "abin koyi", "kyakkyawa", "cancanta", da sauransu, idan za'a iya bayyana ingancin abu ko mutum a kalma ɗaya "ƙari"? Ana iya jaddada ƙarfi ko ma'anar inganci ba tare da amfani da kalmomi kamar “mai kyau” ko “mai haske” - kawai faɗi “ƙari-ƙari”.
1984: Yaƙe-yaƙe shine zaman lafiya, 'yanci bayi ne, kuma akwai kalmomin da ba dole ba a cikin yaren
13. A farkon shekarun 1810, tattaunawa mai zafi ta gudana a cikin ilimin harsunan Rasha, kodayake akwai masu karancin ilimin harshe a wannan lokacin. Matsayin su marubuta ne suka taka rawa. Nikolai Karamzin ya fara gabatar da kalmomin da ya ƙirƙira shi cikin yaren ayyukansa, yana kwafar irin waɗannan kalmomin daga yarukan waje. Karamzin ne ya ƙirƙira kalmomin "kocin" da "matafiya", "masana'antu" da "ɗan adam", "aji na farko" da "alhakin". Irin wannan izgili da ake yi wa harshen Rasha ya fusata marubuta da yawa. Marubuci kuma babban malami Alexander Shishkov har ma sun kirkiro wata al'umma ta musamman don yin tsayayya da sababbin abubuwa, wanda ya haɗa da marubuci mai iko kamar Gabriel Derzhavin. Karamzin, daga baya, Batyushkov, Davydov, Vyazemsky da Zhukovsky sun goyi bayansa. Sakamakon tattaunawar a bayyane yake a yau.
Nikolay Karamzin. Yana da wahala a yarda cewa kalmar “gyarawa” ta fito ne cikin harshen Rasha kawai godiya gareshi
<14. Mai harhada sanannen "ictionaryamus na Bayani na Rayuwa Babban Yaren Rasha" Vladimir Dal bai kasance masanin harshe ba ko ma malamin adabi ta hanyar sana'a, kodayake ya koyar da Rasha a matsayin ɗalibi. Da farko dai, Dahl ya zama hafsan sojan ruwa, sannan ya kammala karatunsa daga jami'ar likitanci ta Jami'ar Dorpat (yanzu Tartu), ya yi aiki a matsayin likita mai fiɗa, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ya yi ritaya yana ɗan shekara 58. Aikinsa akan "Dictionary Bayani" yayi tsawon shekaru 53. [taken id = "attachment_5724" daidaita = "daidaitawa" nisa = "618"]
Vladimir Dal yana bakin aiki a bakin gadon Pushkin da ke mutuwa har zuwa minti na ƙarshe [/ taken]
15. Fassarar atomatik waɗanda har ma da masu fassarar zamani ke yi galibi ba daidai bane kuma har ma suna haifar da dariya kwata-kwata saboda mai fassarar yana aiki ba daidai ba ko kuma saboda bashi da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta. Rashin daidaito ana haifar da shi ta ƙarancin bayanin ƙamus na zamani. Ingirƙirar ƙamus waɗanda ke bayanin kalmomi cikakke, duk ma'anoninsu da al'amuransu babban aiki ne. A cikin 2016, an buga bugu na biyu na ictionaryididdigar binididdigar binididdigar Magana a cikin Moscow, inda aka bayyana kalmomin da cikakken cikawa. A sakamakon haka, sakamakon aikin babbar ƙungiyar masana harshe, ya yiwu a iya bayyana kalmomi 203. Wani kamus na Faransanci mai kamanceceniya, wanda aka buga a Montreal, ya bayyana kalmomi 500 waɗanda suka dace da juzu'i 4.
Mutane suna da laifi ga kuskuren fassarar inji
