Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912-1992) - Soviet da Rasha masanin kimiyyar, marubuci, mai fassara, masanin ilmin binciken kasa, masanan kasashen gabas, masanin kasa, masanin tarihi, masanin kabila da falsafa.
An kama shi sau huɗu, sannan kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 na gudun hijira a sansanin, wanda ya yi aiki a Kazakhstan, Siberia da Altai. Ya yi magana da harsuna 6 kuma ya fassara ɗaruruwan ayyukan ƙasashen waje.
Gumilev marubucin marubucin ƙa'idar ƙa'idar ilimin al'adar ɗabi'a ce. Ra'ayoyin sa, wadanda ke cin karo da akidun da aka yarda dasu na kimiyya, suna haifar da rikici da muhawara mai zafi tsakanin masana tarihi, masana kimiyyar kabila da sauran masana kimiyya.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Lev Gumilyov, wanda za muyi magana game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Gumilyov.
Tarihin rayuwar Lev Gumilyov
An haifi Lev Gumilyov a ranar 18 ga Satumba (1 ga Oktoba 1) 1912 a St. Petersburg. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan shahararrun mawaƙa Nikolai Gumilyov da Anna Akhmatova.
Yara da samari
Kusan nan da nan bayan haihuwa, ɗan Kolya yana cikin kulawar kakarsa Anna Ivanovna Gumileva. A cewar Nikolai, tun yana yaro, yana ganin iyayensa da ƙyar, don haka kakarsa ita ce mafi kusanci da kusanci da shi.
Har zuwa shekaru 5, yaron ya zauna a cikin gidan iyali a Slepnevo. Koyaya, lokacin da Bolsheviks suka hau mulki, Anna Ivanovna ta tsere zuwa Bezhetsk tare da jikan ta, saboda tana jin tsoron wani baƙauye.
Bayan shekara guda, iyayen Lev Gumilyov sun yanke shawarar barin. A sakamakon haka, shi da kakarsa sun koma Petrograd, inda mahaifinsa yake da zama. A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar, yaro sau da yawa ya kasance tare da mahaifinsa, wanda ya maimaita ɗansa zuwa aiki.
Lokaci-lokaci, Gumilyov Sr. yakan kira ga tsohuwar matarsa don ta iya magana da Leo. Ya kamata a lura cewa a wancan lokacin Akhmatova yana zaune tare da ɗan gabas mai suna Vladimir Shileiko, yayin da Nikolai Gumilyov ya sake auren Anna Engelhardt.
A tsakiyar 1919, kaka tare da sabuwar surukarsa da yara sun zauna a Bezhetsk. Nikolai Gumilyov lokaci-lokaci yakan ziyarci iyalinsa, ya kasance tare da su tsawon kwanaki 1-2. A cikin 1921, Leo ya sami labarin mutuwar mahaifinsa.
A Bezhetsk, Lev ya rayu har zuwa shekara 17, bayan ya sami nasarar canza makarantu 3. A wannan lokacin, Anna Akhmatova sau biyu kawai ta ziyarci ɗanta - a cikin 1921 da 1925. Yayinda yake yaro, yaron yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da takwarorinsa.
Gumilyov ya fi son ware kansa daga takwarorinsa. Lokacin da duk yara ke gudu suna wasa yayin hutu, yawanci yakan tsaya gefe. Abin mamaki ne cewa a cikin makarantar farko an bar shi ba tare da littattafai ba, tunda ana ɗaukarsa "ɗan mai adawa da juyin-juya hali."
A cikin makarantar ilimi ta biyu, Lev ya yi abota da malamin Alexander Pereslegin, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai game da halayensa. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Gumilev ya dace da Pereslegin har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
Lokacin da masanin kimiyya na gaba ya canza makarantarsa a karo na uku, hazikan wallafe-wallafe sun waye a ciki. Saurayin ya rubuta labarai da labarai na jaridar makarantar. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, har ma malamai sun ba shi kuɗi don labarin "Sirrin zurfin teku".
A waccan shekarun, tarihin Gumilev a kai a kai yakan ziyarci laburaren birni, yana karanta ayyukan marubutan gida da na waje. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya rubuta waƙoƙi na '' exotic '', yana ƙoƙarin yin koyi da mahaifinsa.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa Akhmatova ya danne duk wani yunkuri da danta ke yi na rubuta irin wadannan kasidun, sakamakon haka ya dawo gare su 'yan shekaru daga baya.
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Lev ya je wurin mahaifiyarsa a Leningrad, inda ya sake karatunsa daga aji na 9. Ya so ya shiga Cibiyar Herzen, amma hukumar ta ƙi karɓar takaddun saboda asalin mutumin.
Nikolai Punin, wanda mahaifiyarsa ta aura sannan, ya sanya Gumilyov a matsayin ɗan kwadago a wurin shuka. Daga baya, ya yi rajista a wurin musayar ma'aikata, inda aka ba shi kwasa-kwasan tafiyar balaguro.
A zamanin masana'antar masana'antu, ana yin balaguro tare da mitar ban mamaki. Saboda karancin ma'aikata, ba wanda ya kula da asalin mahalarta. Godiya ga wannan, a lokacin bazara na 1931, Lev Nikolayevich ya fara tafiya a duk yankin Baikal.
Gado
Masu rubutun tarihin Gumilyov suna da'awar cewa a cikin lokacin 1931-1966. ya halarci balaguro 21. Bugu da ƙari, ba wai kawai ilimin ƙasa ba ne, amma har ma da kayan tarihi da ƙabilanci.
A cikin 1933, Lev ya fara fassara waƙoƙin marubutan Soviet. A karshen wannan shekarar, an kama shi a karon farko, kasancewar an tsare shi a cikin wani daki na tsawon kwanaki 9. Ya kamata a lura cewa mutumin ba a yi masa tambayoyi ko caji ba.
Bayan wasu shekaru, Gumilyov ya shiga Jami'ar Leningrad a Kwalejin Tarihi. Tunda iyayensa sun kasance cikin wulakanci daga shugabancin USSR, dole ne ya kasance da hankali sosai.
A jami'a, ɗalibin ya zama ya zama mafi yankan sama da sauran ɗaliban. Malaman sun yaba da kaifin Leo, wayon sa da zurfin ilimin sa. A shekara ta 1935 an sake mayar da shi gidan yari, amma saboda roƙon da marubuta da yawa suka yi, har da Akhmatova, Joseph Stalin ya ba da izinin sakin saurayin.
Lokacin da aka saki Gumilev, ya sami labarin korar sa daga makarantar. Korar da aka yi daga jami'ar ya zama masa bala'i. Ya rasa karatun sa da kuma gidaje. A sakamakon haka, a zahiri ya yi watanni yana fama da yunwa.
A tsakiyar 1936, Lev ya sake yin wani balaguro a ƙetaren Don, don haƙa garuruwan Khazar. A karshen shekara an sanar dashi dawowar sa a jami'a, kuma yayi matukar farin ciki da hakan.
A cikin bazarar 1938, lokacin da abin da ake kira "Red Terror" ke aiki a cikin ƙasar, an kame Gumilyov a karo na uku. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 5 a sansanin Norilsk.
Duk da wahalhalu da gwaji, mutumin ya sami lokacin rubuta takaddar karatu. Kamar yadda ba da daɗewa ba, tare da shi a cikin ƙaura akwai wakilai da yawa na masu hankali, sadarwa tare da wanda suka ba shi farin ciki mara misaltuwa.
A cikin 1944, Lev Gumilyov ya ba da kansa don gaba, inda ya shiga cikin aikin Berlin. Dawowarsa gida, har yanzu ya kammala karatunsa daga jami'a, ya zama ƙwararren masanin tarihi. Bayan shekaru 5 an sake kama shi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a sansanin.
Bayan ya kwashe shekaru 7 yana gudun hijira, sai aka gyara Lev Nikolaevich a shekarar 1956. A wancan lokacin, sabon shugaban kungiyar ta USSR shine Nikita Khrushchev, wacce ta saki da yawa daga cikin fursunonin da aka daure a karkashin Stalin.
Bayan fitowar sa, Gumilyov yayi aiki a cikin Hermitage tsawon shekaru. A shekarar 1961 ya samu nasarar kare karatun digirin digirgir a cikin tarihi. Shekarar da ta gabata an shigar da shi ga ma'aikatan Cibiyar Nazarin a Faculty of Geography na Jami'ar Jihar Leningrad, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1987.
A cikin shekarun 60, Lev Gumilev ya fara kirkirar sanannen ka’idar sa mai dauke da dabi’un halittar mutum. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana yanayin tarihi na yau da kullun. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, abokan aiki da yawa sun yi kakkausar suka ga ra'ayoyin masanin, suna kiran ka'idar sa da ilimin kimiya.
An kuma soki babban aikin masanin tarihin, "Ethnogenesis da Biosphere of the Earth". Ya bayyana cewa kakannin Russia sune Tatar, kuma Rasha ci gaba ce ta Horde. Daga wannan ya zama cewa Rasha ta zamani mazaunan Rasha-Turkic-Mongol ne, asalin Eurasia.
Hakanan an bayyana irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin littattafan Gumilyov - "Daga Rasha zuwa Rasha" da "Tsohuwar Rasha da Babbar Mataki." Kodayake an soki marubucin saboda abin da ya yi imani da shi, amma bayan wani lokaci sai ya samar da dimbin masoya wadanda suka bayyana ra'ayinsa game da tarihi.
Tuni a cikin tsufa, Lev Nikolaevich ya sha wahala da waƙa, inda ya sami babban nasara. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na aikin mawaƙin ya ɓace, kuma bai sami damar buga ayyukan da suka rage ba. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine Gumilev ya kira kansa "ɗa na ƙarshe na Zamanin Azurfa."
Rayuwar mutum
A karshen shekarar 1936, Lev ya hadu da dalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Mongoliya, Ochiryn Namsrajav, wanda ya yaba da hankalin saurayin da fahimtar sa. Alakarsu ta kasance har zuwa lokacin da aka kama Gumilyov a cikin 1938.
Yarinya ta biyu a tarihin rayuwar mai tarihi Natalya Varbanets, wacce ta fara tattaunawa da ita bayan dawowa daga gaba. Koyaya, Natalia tana soyayya da mahifinta, marubucin tarihi Vladimir Lyublinsky.
A cikin 1949, lokacin da aka sake tura masanin kimiyyar zuwa gudun hijira, wasikar aiki ta fara tsakanin Gumilev da Varbanets. Kimanin wasiƙun soyayya 60 ne suka rayu. Bayan afuwar, Leo ya rabu da yarinyar, tunda har yanzu tana soyayya da Lublinsky.
A tsakiyar 1950s, Gumilev ya zama yana son Natalya Kazakevich mai shekaru 18, wanda ya gani a ɗakin karatu na Hermitage. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, iyayen yarinyar sun saba wa dangantakar 'yar da wani balagagge, sannan Lev Nikolayevich ya ja hankali ga mai karatunta Tatyana Kryukova, wanda ke son aikinsa, amma wannan dangantakar ba ta kai ga aure ba.
A 1966, mutumin ya sadu da mai zane Natalia Simonovskaya. Bayan wasu shekaru, masoyan sun yanke shawarar yin aure. Ma'auratan sun zauna tare tsawon shekaru 24, har zuwa mutuwar Gumilyov. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan ba su da yara, tun lokacin bikin auren Lev Nikolaevich yana da shekaru 55, da Natalya 46.
Mutuwa
Shekaru 2 kafin rasuwarsa, Lev Gumilyov ya kamu da bugun jini, amma ya ci gaba da aiki da kyar yana murmurewa daga rashin lafiyar. A lokacin, yana da miki kuma ƙafafunsa sun ji masa rauni sosai. Daga baya, an cire masa mafitsara. Yayin aikin, mara lafiyar ya sami mummunar zubar jini.
Masanin kimiyya ya kasance cikin halin hauka na makonni 2 da suka gabata. Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1992 yana da shekara 79. Mutuwar tasa ta faru ne sakamakon rufe na'urorin tallafi na rayuwa, bisa shawarar likitoci.
Hotuna ta Lev Gumilyov
