Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) - Bajamushe mai tunani, masanin adabin gargajiya, mawaki, mawaƙi, mahaliccin wata koyarwar falsafa ta musamman, wacce ba cikakkiyar ilimi ba kuma ta bazu zuwa ga masana kimiyya da falsafa.
Babban ra'ayi ya hada da sharudda na musamman don tantance gaskiya, wanda ya sanya shakku kan ka'idoji na asali na halin kirki, addini, al'ada da alakar siyasa da zamantakewa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ayyukan Nietzsche ana hango su kamar mahaukaci, yana haifar da mahawara da yawa.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Nietzsche, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Friedrich Nietzsche.
Tarihin rayuwar Nietzsche
An haifi Friedrich Nietzsche a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1844 a ƙauyen Recken na ƙasar Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan malamin addinin kirista Karl Ludwig. Yana da 'yar'uwa, Elizabeth, da ɗan'uwana, Ludwig Joseph, wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami.
Yara da samari
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin Friedrich ya faru ne yana da shekaru 5 bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu. A sakamakon haka, tarbiyya da kula da yara ta fadi gabaki ɗaya a kan wuyan mahaifiya.
Lokacin da Nietzsche yake da shekaru 14, ya fara karatu a dakin motsa jiki, inda ya karanci adabi na d with a cike da sha'awa, kuma ya kasance mai son kida da falsafa. A wancan shekarun, ya fara ƙoƙarin ɗaukar rubutu.
Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, Friedrich ya yi nasarar cin jarabawa a Jami'ar Bonn, yana zaɓar ilimin ɗan adam da tiyoloji. Rayuwar ɗalibai rayuwar yau da kullun ta gundure shi, kuma alaƙar sa da ɗaliban ɗalibai ta munana sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, ya yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa Jami'ar Leipzig, wacce a yau ita ce babbar jami'a ta biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Jamus ta zamani.
Koyaya, ko a nan nazarin ilimin ba da fatawa bai haifar da daɗaɗa rai a cikin Nietzsche ba. A lokaci guda, ya kasance mai nasara a wannan fannin kimiyya har ya kasance lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 24 kawai, sai aka ba shi matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Basel (Switzerland).
Wannan lamari ne wanda ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a tarihin jami'o'in Turai. Koyaya, Frederick kansa baiyi matuƙar jin daɗin koyarwa ba, kodayake bai bar aikin farfesa ba.
Bayan aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin malami, Nietzsche ya yanke shawarar watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Prussia a bainar jama'a. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa daga baya ba zai iya shiga yakin Franco-Prussian ba, wanda ya barke a 1870. Tun da Switzerland ba ta mamaye kowane bangare na fada ba, sai gwamnati ta hana masanin ya shiga cikin yakin.
Koyaya, hukumomin Switzerland sun ba Friedrich Nietzsche damar zuwa sabis a matsayin mai bada umarnin likita. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa lokacin da mutumin ke tafiya cikin keken hawa tare da sojoji da suka ji rauni, ya kamu da zazzaɓi da cutar diphtheria.
Af, Nietzsche yaro ne mara lafiya tun yana ƙarami. Ya sha fama da rashin bacci da ciwon kai, kuma tun yana dan shekara 30 ya kusan zama makaho. Ya kammala aikinsa a Basel a cikin 1879 lokacin da ya yi ritaya kuma ya fara rubutu.
Falsafa
An buga aikin farko na Friedrich Nietzsche a cikin 1872 kuma ana kiran shi "Haihuwar Bala'i daga Ruhun Kiɗa." A ciki, marubucin ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da dabarun biyu (dabarun da suke tattare da ka'idoji 2 masu sabawa) asalin fasaha.
Bayan haka ya sake wallafa wasu ayyuka da yawa, daga cikinsu shahararrun shine littafin falsafa kamar haka Yayi Magana Zarathustra. A cikin wannan aikin, masanin falsafar yayi cikakken bayanin manyan ra'ayoyin sa.
Littafin ya soki Kiristanci da wa'azin adawa da akidar - watsi da imani da kowane allah. Ya kuma gabatar da ra'ayin wani babban mutum, wanda ke nufin wata halitta wacce ta fi karfin mutum na zamani kamar yadda na karshen ya wuce biri.
Don ƙirƙirar wannan aikin na asali, Nietzsche ya sami kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar tafiya zuwa Rome a ƙarshen karni na 19, inda ya zama masani sosai da marubuci kuma masanin falsafa Lou Salome.
Friedrich ya sami ruhun dangi a cikin mace, wanda ba kawai yana sha'awar kasancewa tare ba, har ma don tattauna sabbin dabarun falsafa. Ko da ya ba ta hannu da zuciya, amma Lou ta gayyace shi ya ci gaba da zama abokai.
Elizabeth, 'yar'uwar Nietzsche, ba ta gamsu da tasirin Salome ga ɗan'uwanta ba kuma ta yanke shawara ko ta halin kaka don yin faɗa da ƙawayenta. Ta rubuta wasiƙar cikin fushi ga matar, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin Lou da Frederick. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ba su sake yin magana ba.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa a farkon kashi 4 na aikin "Ta haka ne Yayi Magana Zarathustra", an gano tasirin Salome Lou akan mai tunani, tare da "ƙawancen da suka dace." Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, an buga sashi na huɗu na littafin a cikin 1885 a cikin adadin kwafi 40 kawai, wasu daga cikinsu Nietzsche ya ba da kyauta ga abokai.
Ofayan ayyukan Friedrich na ƙarshe shine Nufin Powerarfi. Yana bayanin abin da Nietzsche ya gani a matsayin babbar hanyar motsa mutane - sha'awar cimma matsayi mafi girma a rayuwa.
Mai tunani yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗanda suka fara tambaya game da haɗin kan batun, dalilin son rai, gaskiya a matsayin tushe ɗaya tilo na duniya, da kuma yiwuwar ba da hujja mai ma'ana ta ayyuka.
Rayuwar mutum
Tarihin tarihin Friedrich Nietzsche har yanzu bai yarda da yadda ya bi da mata ba. Wani malamin falsafa ya taba fadin wadannan abubuwa: "Mata su ne tushen dukkan wauta da wauta a duniya."
Koyaya, tunda a lokacin rayuwarsa Frederick ya sauya ra'ayoyinsa akai-akai, ya sami nasarar zama misogynist, mata, da kuma nuna wariyar mata. A lokaci guda, mace kaɗai da yake ƙauna ita ce, a bayyane, Lou Salome. Ko ya ji daɗin wasu mutane na mafi kyawun jima'i ba a sani ba.
Mutumin ya daɗe yana manne da ’yar’uwarsa, wacce ke taimaka masa a aikinsa kuma tana kula da shi ta kowace hanya. Yawancin lokaci, dangantakar da ke tsakanin ’yar’uwa da ɗan’uwa ta lalace.
Elizabeth ta auri Bernard Foerster, wanda ya kasance mai tsananin goyon baya ga kyamar Yahudawa. Yarinyar kuma ta raina yahudawa, abin da ya fusata Frederick. Alaƙar su ta haɓaka ne kawai a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar falsafar da ke buƙatar taimako.
A sakamakon haka, Elizabeth ta fara watsar da kayan adabin ɗan'uwanta, tare da yin gyare-gyare da yawa ga ayyukansa. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa wasu ra'ayoyi na mai tunani sun sami canje-canje.
A cikin 1930, matar ta zama mai goyon bayan akidar Nazi kuma ta gayyaci Hitler ya zama babban baƙon girmamawa na gidan kayan tarihin Nietzsche, wanda ita da kanta ta kafa. Haƙiƙa Fuehrer ya ziyarci gidan kayan tarihin sau da yawa har ma ya ba da umarnin a ba Elizabeth fansho na rayuwa.
Mutuwa
Ayyukan kirkirar mutumin ya ƙare kimanin shekara ɗaya kafin rasuwarsa, saboda gajimaren tunaninsa. Hakan ya faru ne bayan kamun da aka samu sakamakon bugun doki a gaban idanunsa.
A cewar wani fasalin, Frederick ya sami babban firgita yayin kallon bugun dabba, wanda ya zama sanadin ci gaban tabin hankali. An kwantar da shi a asibitin mahaukata na Switzerland, inda ya kasance har zuwa 1890.
Daga baya, tsohuwa uwar ta ɗauki ɗanta zuwa gida. Bayan mutuwarta, ya sami bugun jini na 2 wanda ba zai iya murmurewa ba. Friedrich Nietzsche ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1900 yana da shekara 55.
Hotunan Nietzsche
