Romain Rolland (1866-1944) - Marubucin Faransa, marubucin rubutu, marubuci, fitaccen masanin jama'a, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙin mawaƙa. Baƙon memba mai girmamawa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR.
Lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin Adabi (1915): "Don kyakkyawan tsarin ayyukan adabi, don tausayawa da son gaskiya."
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Romain Rolland, wanda za mu fada a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Rolland ne.
Tarihin rayuwar Romain Rolland
An haifi Romain Rolland ne a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1866 a cikin yankin Faransa na Clamecy. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin gidan notary. Daga mahaifiyarsa ya gaji sha'awar waka.
Tun yana ƙarami, Romain ya koyi kaɗa piano. Ya kamata a lura cewa a nan gaba, yawancin ayyukansa za a ba da su ga jigogi na kiɗa. Lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 15, shi da iyayensa suka koma zama a Faris.
A babban birni, Rolland ya shiga cikin Lyceum, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Ecole Normal High School. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, mutumin ya tafi kasar Italia, inda ya kwashe shekaru 2 yana karantar fasahar kere-kere, tare da aikin shahararrun mawakan kasar Italia.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a wannan ƙasar Romain Rolland ya haɗu da masanin falsafa Friedrich Nietzsche. Bayan dawowarsa gida, ya kare littafin nasa a kan taken “Asalin gidan opera na zamani. Tarihin opera a Turai kafin Lully da Scarlatti. "
A sakamakon haka, an ba Rolland digiri na farfesa a tarihin kida, wanda ya ba shi damar yin karatu a jami'o'i.
Littattafai
Romain ya fara gabatar da wallafe-wallafe ne a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya rubuta wasan Orsino a 1891. Ba da daɗewa ba ya buga wasannin kwaikwayo na Empedocles, Baglioni da Niobe, waɗanda na zamanin da ne. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa babu ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan da aka buga a lokacin rayuwar marubuci.
Aikin farko da aka buga na Rolland shi ne bala'in "Saint Louis", wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 1897. Wannan aikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayo "Aert" da "The Time Will Come", zasu samar da zagayowar "Bala'in Imani".
A cikin 1902, Romain ya wallafa tarin labarai "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mutane", inda ya gabatar da ra'ayinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ya soki aikin manyan marubuta kamar Shakespeare, Moliere, Schiller da Goethe.
A cewar Romain Rolland, waɗannan tsoffin masana ba sa biyan bukatun talakawa da yawa kamar yadda suke neman nishadantar da manyan mutane. Hakanan, ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama wadanda suka nuna ruhin neman sauyi na talakawa da kuma son sauya duniya da kyautatawa.
Jama'a ba su manta da Rolland ba a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, saboda a cikin ayyukansa akwai bajintar gwarzo. Saboda wannan dalili, ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan nau'in tarihin rayuwa.
Daga bakin marubucin marubuta ya fito da babban aiki na farko "Rayuwar Beethoven", wanda, tare da tarihin rayuwar "Rayuwar Michelangelo" da "Rayuwar Tolstoy" (1911), ta tattara jerin - "Rayuwar Jarumtaka". Tare da tarin shi, ya nuna wa mai karatu cewa jaruman zamani ba shugabannin soja bane ko ‘yan siyasa, amma masu fasaha ne.
A cewar Romain Rolland, masu kirkirar abubuwa suna wahala fiye da talakawa. Dole ne su tunkare da kadaici, rashin fahimta, talauci da cuta domin jin daɗin samun amincewa daga jama'a.
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918), mutumin ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman lafiya na Turai daban-daban. A lokaci guda, ya yi aiki tuƙuru a kan wani littafi mai suna Jean-Christophe, wanda ya rubuta tsawon shekaru 8.
Godiya ne ga wannan aikin da aka ba Rolland kyautar Nobel a cikin adabi a cikin 1915. Gwarzon littafin ya kasance mawaƙin Bajamushe wanda ya shawo kan gwaji da yawa a kan hanyarsa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin neman hikimar duniya. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Beethoven da Romain Rolland da kansa sun kasance sifofin manyan halayen.
“Idan ka ga mutum, za ka yi tunanin ko shi ɗan labari ne ko waka? A koyaushe ina ganin kamar Jean-Christophe yana gudana kamar kogi. " A kan wannan tunanin, ya ƙirƙiri nau'in "labari-kogi", wanda aka sanya shi zuwa "Jean-Christophe", kuma daga baya zuwa "Ruhi Mai Sihiri".
A lokacin yakin, Rolland ya wallafa wasu tarin tarin yaki - "Sama da Yakin" da "Mai Gabatarwa", inda ya soki duk wata alama ta tsokanar sojoji. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan ra'ayin Mahatma Gandhi, wanda ya yi wa'azin soyayya tsakanin mutane kuma ya yi kokarin neman zaman lafiya.
A cikin 1924, marubucin ya gama aiki a kan tarihin Gandhi, kuma bayan kimanin shekaru 6 ya sami damar sanin shahararren Indiya.
Romain yana da kyakkyawar ɗabi'a game da Juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917, duk da takurawa da ta biyo baya da tsarin da aka kafa. Bugu da kari, ya yi maganar Joseph Stalin a matsayin babban mutum a wannan zamanin.
A cikin 1935, marubucin rubutun ya ziyarci USSR bisa gayyatar Maxim Gorky, inda ya sami damar ganawa da tattaunawa da Stalin. Dangane da abubuwan tarihin mutanen zamanin, maza sunyi magana akan yaƙi da zaman lafiya, da kuma dalilan danniya.
A cikin 1939, Romain ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo Robespierre, wanda da shi ne ya taƙaita taken juyin juya hali. Anan ya yi tunani game da sakamakon ta'addanci, ya fahimci rashin dacewar juyin juya hali. Kasancewa a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945), ya ci gaba da aiki a kan ayyukan tarihin rayuwa.
'Yan watanni kafin mutuwarsa, Rolland ya buga aikinsa na ƙarshe, Pegy. Bayan mutuwar marubucin, an buga abubuwan da ya rubuta, inda aka nuna soyayyar sa ga bil'adama.
Rayuwar mutum
Tare da matarsa ta farko, Clotilde Breal, Romain ya rayu tsawon shekaru 9. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar barin 1901.
A cikin 1923, Rolland ta sami wasiƙa daga Marie Cuvillier, inda a ciki matashin mawaƙin yake ba ta nazarin littafin Jean-Christophe. Rubuta aiki ya fara tsakanin matasa, wanda ya taimaka musu haɓaka junan su ga junan su.
Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1934 Romain da Maria suka zama mata da miji. Yana da kyau a lura cewa babu yara da aka haifa a wannan yaƙin.
Yarinyar kawa ce da goyon baya ga mijinta, ta kasance tare da shi har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Wani abin ban sha'awa shine bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta sake rayuwa tsawon wasu shekaru 41!
Mutuwa
A cikin 1940, ƙauyen Faransa na Vezelay, inda Rolland ke zaune, Nazi suka kama shi. Duk da lokutan wahala, ya ci gaba da tsunduma cikin rubutu. A wannan lokacin, ya kammala abubuwan da ya rubuta, kuma ya sami nasarar kammala tarihin Beethoven.
Romain Rolland ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1944 yana da shekara 78. Dalilin mutuwarsa cutar tarin fuka ce mai ci gaba.
Romain Rolland ne ya ɗauki hoto
