Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) - Marubucin Faransa kuma masanin falsafar Renaissance, marubucin littafin "Gwaji". Wanda ya kirkiri labarin rubutun.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Montaigne, wanda zamu fada game da wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Michel de Montaigne.
Tarihin rayuwar Montaigne
An haifi Michel de Montaigne a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1533 a cikin yankin Faransa na Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne. Ya girma a cikin dangin Magajin Garin Bordeaux Pierre Eckem da Antoinette de Lopez, waɗanda suka fito daga dangin Yahudawa mawadata.
Yara da samari
Mahaifin masanin falsafar yana da hannu dumu-dumu wajen renon ɗansa, wanda ya dogara da tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi-ɗan adam wanda Montaigne dattijo da kansa ya haɓaka.
Michel yana da jagora wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar umarnin Faransanci. A sakamakon haka, malamin ya yi magana da yaron kawai cikin Latin, godiya ga abin da yaron ya sami damar koyon wannan yaren. Ta hanyar kokarin mahaifinsa da mai ba shi shawara, Montaigne ya sami kyakkyawar ilimi a gida tun yana yaro.
Ba da daɗewa ba Michel ya shiga kwaleji da digiri na lauya. Sannan ya zama dalibi a Jami'ar Toulouse, inda ya karanci shari'a da falsafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, sai ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar siyasa, sakamakon haka yake son yin tarayya da ita a duk rayuwarsa.
Daga baya, aka ɗorawa Montaigne mukamin mai ba da shawara ga majalisar. A matsayinsa na sarki Charles 11, ya shiga cikin kewaye Rouen har ma aka ba shi Dokar St. Michael.
Littattafai da falsafa
A cikin yankuna da yawa, Michel de Montaigne ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasance mai aminci ga ƙungiyoyi da ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Misali, ya ɗauki matsayin ba ruwanmu dangane da Cocin Katolika da Huguenots, waɗanda akwai yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a tsakaninsu.
Masanin falsafa ya kasance wanda mutane da yawa na jama'a da siyasa ke girmama shi sosai. Ya yi rubutu tare da shahararrun marubuta da masu tunani, suna tattaunawa kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci.
Montaigne mutum ne mai hikima da tunani, wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukar rubutu. A shekarar 1570 ya fara aiki akan shahararren aikinsa Gwaje-gwajen. Ya kamata a san cewa sunan hukuma na wannan littafin shi ne "Mahimman labarai", wanda a zahiri ake fassara shi a matsayin "yunƙuri" ko "gwaji".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Michel ne ya fara gabatar da kalmar "muqala", sakamakon haka ne sauran marubutan suka fara amfani da ita.
Shekaru goma bayan haka, an buga sashi na farko na "Gwaje-gwaje", wanda ya sami babbar mashahuri a cikin masu ilimin ilimi. Ba da daɗewa ba Montaigne ya fara tafiya, yana ziyartar ƙasashen Turai da yawa.
Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, mai tunani ya fahimci cewa an zaɓe shi ne magajin garin Bordeaux a ɓoye, wanda hakan bai yi masa daɗi ko kaɗan ba. Ya isa Faransa, sai ya lura da mamaki cewa ba zai iya yin murabus daga wannan matsayin ba. Ko da Sarki Henry III ya tabbatar masa da hakan.
A tsakiyar yakin basasa, Michel de Montaigne ya yi iya kokarinsa don sasantawa tsakanin Huguenot da Katolika. Duk ɓangarorin biyu sun karɓi aikin nasa da kyau, shi ya sa duka ɓangarorin suka yi ƙoƙarin fassara shi a cikin ni'imar su.
A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Montaigne ya buga sabbin ayyuka, kuma ya yi wasu gyare-gyare ga wadanda suka gabata. Sakamakon haka, "Gwaje-gwaje" ya fara zama tarin tattaunawa kan batutuwa daban-daban. Littafin na uku ya kunshi bayanan tafiye tafiye yayin tafiyar marubucin a Italiya.
Don buga shi, an tilasta marubucin zuwa Paris, inda aka tsare shi a cikin shahararren Bastille. Ana zargin Michel da hada kai da Huguenots, wanda ka iya rasa ransa. Sarauniya, Catherine de 'Medici, ta yi roƙo don mutumin, bayan haka ya ƙare a majalisar dokoki kuma a cikin da'irar waɗanda ke kusa da Henry na Navarre.
Gudummawar da kimiyya ta bayar wa Montaigne tare da aikinsa yana da wahalar wuce gona da iri. Wannan shi ne misali na farko na nazarin ilimin halayyar mutum wanda bai dace da kanon adabin gargajiya na wancan zamanin ba. Warewa daga tarihin rayuwar mutum na mai tunani an haɗa shi da gogewa da ra'ayoyi game da yanayin ɗan adam.
Hikimar falsafar Michel de Montaigne za a iya bayyana ta da shubuhohi na musamman, wanda ke dab da cikakken imani. Ya kira son rai babban dalilin ayyukan dan adam. A lokaci guda, marubucin ya bi da son kai yadda ya kamata har ma ya kira shi zama dole don samun farin ciki.
Bayan duk wannan, idan mutum ya fara ɗaukar matsalolin wasu kusa da zuciyarsa kamar nasa, to ba zai yi farin ciki ba. Montaigne yayi magana mara kyau game da girman kai, yana mai gaskanta cewa mutum baya iya sanin cikakken gaskiyar.
Masanin falsafar ya dauki neman farin ciki a matsayin babbar manufa a rayuwar mutane. Bugu da kari, ya yi kira da a yi adalci - a bai wa kowane mutum abin da ya cancanta. Ya kuma mai da hankali sosai ga ilimin koyarwa.
A cewar Montaigne, a cikin yara, da farko dai, ya zama dole a samar da halaye, wato a bunkasa tunaninsu da halayensu na mutumtaka, ba wai sanya su kawai likitoci, lauyoyi ko malamai. A lokaci guda, dole ne masu ilimi su taimaki yaro ya more rayuwa kuma ya jimre da dukkan matsaloli.
Rayuwar mutum
Michel de Montaigne ya yi aure yana da shekara 32. Ya karɓi sadaki mai yawa, tunda matarsa ta fito daga dangi masu arziki. Bayan shekaru 3, mahaifinsa ya mutu, sakamakon wannan mutumin ya gaji dukiyar.
Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya yi nasara, saboda soyayya da fahimtar juna sun yi mulki tsakanin ma'aurata. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya da yawa, amma dukansu, ban da mace ɗaya, sun mutu a yarinta ko samartaka.
A cikin 157, Montaigne ya sayar da matsayinsa na shari'a kuma ya yi ritaya. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya fara yin abin da yake so, tun da yana samun kuɗin shiga koyaushe.
Michel ya yi amannar cewa ya kamata dangantaka tsakanin mata da miji ta zama ta abokantaka, ko da kuwa sun daina kaunar juna. Hakanan, ya kamata ma'aurata su kula da lafiyar yaransu, tare da kokarin samar musu da duk abin da suke bukata.
Mutuwa
Michel de Montaigne ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1592 yana da shekara 59, sakamakon ciwon makogwaro. A jajibirin mutuwarsa, ya nemi yin Mass, a lokacin ya mutu.
Hotunan Montaigne
