Mao Zedong (1893-1976) - Juyin mulkin kasar Sin, dan siyasa, shugaban siyasa da shugaban jam’iyya na karni na 20, babban malamin Maoism, wanda ya kafa kasar Sin ta zamani. Daga shekarar 1943 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin.
Ya gudanar da kamfen din manyan mutane da yawa, wadanda suka shahara daga cikinsu sune "Babbar Tsallake Gaba" da "Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu", wanda ya lakume rayukan miliyoyin mutane. A lokacin mulkinsa, China ta fuskanci matsi, wanda ya jawo suka daga kasashen duniya.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Mao Zedong, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Zedong.
Tarihin rayuwar Mao Zedong
An haifi Mao Zedong a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1893 a ƙauyen Sinawa na Shaoshan. Ya girma a cikin kyakkyawan gidan manoma.
Mahaifinsa, Mao Yichang, ya tsunduma cikin aikin noma, kasancewar shi mai bin addinin Confucianism. Hakanan, mahaifiyar ɗan siyasa mai zuwa, Wen Qimei, ta kasance mai bin addinin Buddha.
Yara da samari
Tunda shugaban gidan mutum ne mai tsananin takurawa, Mao ya kasance tare da mahaifiyarsa, wanda yake ƙaunarta sosai. Bayan bin misalinta, shi ma ya fara bautar Buddha, kodayake ya yanke shawarar daina addinin Buddha yana saurayi.
Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare, inda aka mai da hankali sosai kan koyarwar Confucius da kuma karatun masana Sinanci. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, duk da cewa Mao Zedong ya yi amfani da duk lokacin da yake hutu tare da littattafai, amma ba ya son karanta ayyukan falsafa na gargajiya.
Lokacin da Zedong ke da kimanin shekara 13, ya daina zuwa makaranta, saboda tsananin malamin, wanda ya kan buge dalibai. Wannan ya haifar da yaron ya dawo gidan iyayen.
Mahaifin ya yi matukar farin ciki da dawowar dansa, saboda yana bukatar au biyu. Koyaya, Mao ya guji duk aikin jiki. Madadin haka, yakan karanta littattafai koyaushe. Bayan shekara 3, saurayin ya sami sabani sosai da mahaifinsa, ba ya son ya auri yarinyar da ya zaɓa. Dangane da yanayin, an tilasta wa Zedong guduwa daga gida.
Juyin juya halin na 1911, a lokacin da aka kifar da daular Qing, a wata ma'ana ta sami tasirin tarihin Mao na gaba. Ya kwashe watanni shida a cikin aikin soja a matsayin dan ishara.
Bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin, Zedong ya ci gaba da karatunsa a wata makarantar sirri, sannan kuma a kwalejin malanta. A wannan lokacin, yana karanta ayyukan shahararrun masana falsafa da masanan siyasa. Ilimin da aka samu ya rinjayi ci gaban halayen mutumin.
Daga baya, Mao ya kafa ƙungiya don sabunta rayuwar mutane, wanda ya dogara da ra'ayin Confucianism da Kantianism. A shekarar 1918, a karkashin kulawar malamin nasa, ya samu aiki a daya daga cikin dakunan karatu a Beijing, inda ya ci gaba da karatun kansa.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Zedong ya haɗu da wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China Li Dazhao, sakamakon haka ya yanke shawarar danganta rayuwarsa da kwaminisanci da Markisanci. Wannan ya kai shi ga bincika ayyukan kwaminisanci daban-daban.
Gwagwarmaya ta juyi
A cikin shekarun rayuwarsa masu zuwa, Mao Zedong ya yi tafiya zuwa larduna da yawa na kasar Sin. Shi da kansa ya shaida rashin adalci da zaluntar 'yan ƙasa.
Mao ne ya yanke hukuncin cewa kawai hanyar canza abubuwa shine ta hanyar babban juyin juya hali. A wannan lokacin, sanannen Juyin Juya Hali na Oktoba (1917) ya riga ya wuce a Rasha, wanda ya faranta wa shugaban nan gaba rai.
Zedong ya fara aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin juriya a China ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe shi sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin. Da farko, 'yan gurguzu sun kusanci jam'iyyar Kuomintang ta' yan kishin kasa, amma bayan 'yan shekaru CCP da Kuomintang sun zama abokan gaba.
A cikin 1927, a cikin garin Changsha, Mao Zedong ya shirya juyin mulki na 1 kuma ya ba da sanarwar kafa Jamhuriyar Kwaminis. Ya sami damar neman goyon baya daga manoma, tare da baiwa mata 'yancin yin zabe da aiki.
Ikon Mao tsakanin abokan aiki ya haɓaka cikin sauri. Bayan shekaru 3, yana amfani da babban matsayinsa, ya aiwatar da tsarkakewa ta farko. Masu adawa da 'yan kwaminisanci da wadanda suka soki manufofin Joseph Stalin sun fada karkashin matsin lamba.
Bayan kawar da duk masu adawa, an zabi Mao Zedong a matsayin shugaban Jamhuriyar Soviet ta 1 ta China. Tun daga wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, mai mulkin kama karya ya sanya kansa burin kafa tsarin Soviet a duk China.
Babban tafiya
Canje-canje da suka biyo baya sun haifar da yakin basasa babba wanda ya dauki shekaru 10 har zuwa nasarar kwaminisanci. Abokan adawar Mao da magoya bayansa sun kasance masu bin kishin kasa - jam'iyyar Kuomintang karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek.
An gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin makiya, gami da fada a Jinggan. Amma bayan shan kashi a 1934, an tilasta Mao Zedong barin yankin tare da dakaru masu karfi na kwaminisanci 100,000.
A lokacin 1934-1936. yakin tarihi na sojojin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin ya gudana, wanda ya mamaye sama da kilomita 10,000! Sojojin sun yi yawo ta yankuna masu wahalar isa ga tsaunuka, suna fuskantar gwaji da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce yayin yakin, sama da kashi 90% na sojojin Zedong sun mutu. Kasancewa a lardin Shanxi, shi da sauran abokan aikinsa sun kirkiro sabon sashin CCP.
Kafa tsarin sake fasalin PRC da Mao Zedong
Kasancewar ya tsallake rikicin sojan Japan da China, a cikin yaƙin da aka tilasta sojojin Kwaminisanci da Kuomintang su haɗu, abokan gaba biyu da aka rantsar sun sake ci gaba da faɗa a tsakaninsu. A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen shekarun 40, sojojin Chiang Kai-shek sun sha kaye a wannan gwagwarmaya.
Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1949, an yi shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a duk kasar Sin, karkashin jagorancin Mao Zedong. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, "Babban Helmsman," kamar yadda 'yan uwansa na ƙasa suke kira Mao, ya fara kusanci tare da shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin.
Godiya ga wannan, USSR ta fara ba wa Sinawa taimako daban-daban a cikin mai gida da kuma fannonin soja. A zamanin Zedong, ra'ayoyin Maoism, waɗanda shi ne ya kafa su, sun fara samun ci gaba.
Maoism ya sami tasirin Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism da falsafar gargajiya ta China. Waƙoƙi daban-daban sun fara bayyana a cikin jihar wanda ya tura mutane zuwa ga hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki zuwa matakin ƙasashe masu arziki. Tsarin Great Helmsman ya dogara ne da mayar da duk kadarorin masu zaman kansu.
Ta hanyar umarnin Mao Zedong, an fara tsara biranen a cikin China inda komai ya zama ruwan dare: tufafi, abinci, dukiya, da dai sauransu. A kokarinsa na samun ci gaban masana'antu, ɗan siyasan ya tabbatar da cewa kowane gida na ƙasar Sin yana da ƙaramin murhun fashewar ƙarfe.
Castarfen ƙarfe da aka jefa ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin yana da ƙarancin inganci. Bugu da kari, harkar noma ta fada cikin lalacewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da yunwa gaba daya.
Ya kamata a sani cewa ainihin yanayin al'amuran jihar an ɓoye daga Mao. Kasar ta yi magana game da manyan nasarorin da Sinawa da shugabansu suka samu, alhali a zahiri komai ya bambanta.
Babban Tsalle Gaba
Babban Leap Forward ya kasance kamfen na tattalin arziki da siyasa a China tsakanin 1958-1960 da nufin inganta masana'antu da farfadowar tattalin arziki, tare da mummunan sakamako.
Mao Zedong, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka tattalin arziki ta hanyar tattara kuɗi da ƙimar farin jini, ya jagoranci ƙasar ta ƙi. Sakamakon kura-kurai da yawa, gami da yanke hukunci ba daidai ba a bangaren aikin gona, mutane miliyan 20 sun mutu a China, kuma bisa wasu ra'ayoyin - mutane miliyan 40!
Hukumomin sun yi kira ga daukacin jama’ar da su lalata beraye, ƙudaje, sauro da gwarare. Don haka, gwamnatin ta so ta kara girbi a cikin gonaki, ba ta son "raba" abinci da dabbobi daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, kisan gwal mai yawa ya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
Caterpillars ta ci amfanin gona na gaba mai tsabta, wanda ya haifar da asara mai yawa. Daga baya, Babban Leap Forward an amince dashi a matsayin babban bala'in zamantakewar karni na 20, ban da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945).
Cold War
Bayan mutuwar Stalin, dangantaka tsakanin USSR da China ta lalace sosai. Mao a fili ya soki ayyukan Nikita Khrushchev, yana zargin na biyun da ya kauce daga tafarkin ƙungiyar kwaminisanci.
Dangane da wannan, shugaban Soviet ya tuna da duk masana da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi aiki don amfanin ci gaban China. A lokaci guda, Khrushchev ya daina bayar da taimakon kayan aiki ga CPC.
Kusan lokaci guda, Zedong ya shiga cikin rikicin Koriya, inda ya goyi bayan Koriya ta Arewa. Wannan yana haifar da adawa da Amurka tsawon shekaru.
Cleararfin nukiliya
A cikin 1959, a matsin lamba na jama'a, Mao Zedong ya mika mukamin shugaban kasa ga Liu Shaoqi kuma ya ci gaba da jagorantar jam'iyyar CPC. Bayan wannan, an fara amfani da kadarorin masu zaman kansu a cikin Sin, kuma an soke yawancin ra'ayoyin Mao.
China ta ci gaba da yakin Cold Cold da Amurka da USSR. A cikin 1964, Sinawa sun bayyana kasancewar makaman nukiliya, wanda ya haifar da damuwa ga Khrushchev da shugabannin wasu ƙasashe. Abin lura ne cewa rikice-rikicen sojoji lokaci-lokaci suna faruwa a kan iyakar Sin da Rasha.
Bayan lokaci, an warware rikice-rikicen, amma wannan yanayin ya sa gwamnatin Soviet ta ƙarfafa ƙarfinta na soja tare da duk layin iyaka da China.
Juyin juya halin al'adu
A hankali, ƙasar ta fara tashi tsaye, amma Mao Zedong bai yarda da ra'ayin maƙiyan nasa ba. Har yanzu yana da babban daraja tsakanin 'yan uwansa, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 60 ya yanke shawara a kan mataki na gaba na farfagandar gurguzu - "Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu".
Hakan na nufin jerin kamfen na akida da siyasa (1966-1976), wanda Mao ya jagoranta da kansa. A karkashin hujjar adawa da yiwuwar "dawo da tsarin jari hujja" a cikin PRC, an cimma burin cin mutunci da ruguza adawar siyasa domin cimma ikon Zedong da mika mulki ga matarsa ta uku Jiang Qing.
Babban dalilin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu shi ne rarrabuwa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin CCP bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe mai girma. Sinawa da yawa sun goyi bayan Mao, wanda ya saba da abubuwan sabon motsi.
A lokacin wannan juyin juya halin, mutane miliyan da yawa an danne su. Rukuni na "'yan tawaye" sun fasa komai, sun lalata zane-zane, kayan ɗaki, littattafai da abubuwa iri-iri na fasaha.
Ba da daɗewa ba Mao Zedong ya fahimci cikakken tasirin wannan motsi. A sakamakon haka, ya yi sauri ya sauya duk alhakin abin da ya faru da matarsa. A farkon shekarun 70, ya kusanci Amurka kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da shugabanta Richard Nixon.
Rayuwar mutum
A tsawon shekarun tarihin kansa, Mao Zedong yana da al'amuran soyayya da yawa, kuma an ma yi aure sau da yawa. Matar farko ita ce dan uwansa na biyu Luo Igu, wanda mahaifinsa ya zaɓa masa. Ba da son zama tare da ita ba, saurayin ya gudu daga gida a daren bikin aurensu, don haka ya ƙasƙantar da Doka sosai.
Daga baya, Mao ya auri Yang Kaihui, wanda ya goyi bayan mijinta a harkokin siyasa da soja. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yara maza guda uku - Anying, Anqing da Anlong. A lokacin yakin tare da sojojin Chiang Kai-shek, makiyan suka kame yarinyar da 'ya'yanta.
Bayan tsawaita azaba, Yang bai ci amana ko watsi da Mao ba. Sakamakon haka, an kashe ta a gaban yaranta. Bayan mutuwar matarsa, Mao ya auri He Zizhen, wanda ke da shekaru 17 da haihuwa. Wani abin ban sha’awa shi ne cewa ɗan siyasan ya yi lalata da Shi lokacin da yake aure da Yang.
Daga baya, sabbin ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar, waɗanda za su ba baƙi saboda yawan yaƙe-yaƙe don iko. Rayuwa mai wahala ta shafi lafiyar Shi, kuma a cikin 1937 Zedong ya aike ta zuwa USSR don jinya.
A can aka ajiye ta a asibitin mahaukata tsawon shekaru. Bayan an sallame ta daga asibitin, matar ta Sinawa ta ci gaba da zama a Rasha, kuma bayan wani ɗan lokaci sai ta tafi Shanghai.
Matar Mao ta ƙarshe ita ce ɗan wasan Shanghai Lan Ping, wanda daga baya ya canza sunanta zuwa Jiang Qing. Ta haifa 'yar "Babban Helmsman", koyaushe tana ƙoƙari ta zama matar mai ƙauna.
Mutuwa
Tun daga 1971, Mao yayi rashin lafiya mai tsanani kuma da wuya ya bayyana a cikin jama'a. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya fara samun ci gaba da cutar Parkinson. Mao Zedong ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1976 yana da shekara 82. Jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa, ya sha fama da bugun zuciya 2.
An binne gawar ɗan siyasan kuma an saka ta a cikin kabarin. Bayan mutuwar Zedong, an fara tsananta wa matarsa da abokan aikinta a cikin ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin masu laifin Jiang an kashe su, yayin da aka sanya wa matar rai ta hanyar sanya ta a asibiti. A can ta kashe kanta bayan fewan shekaru.
Yayin rayuwar Mao, an buga miliyoyin ayyukansa. Af, littafin ambaton Zedong ya ɗauki matsayi na 2 a duniya, bayan Baibul, don yaɗuwar ɗumbin kofi 900,000,000.
Mao Zedong ne ya ɗauki hoto
