Louis XIV de Bourbon, wanda ya sami haihuwa lokacin suna Louis-Dieudonné, wanda aka fi sani da "Sun King" da Louis Mai Girma (1638-1715) - Sarkin Faransa da Navarre a cikin 1643-1715.
Mai cikakken goyon bayan cikakken mulkin mallaka wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru 72 akan karagar mulki.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Louis XIV, wanda zamu gaya game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Louis 14 ne.
Tarihin rayuwar Louis XIV
An haifi Louis 14 a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1638 a Fadar Faransa ta Saint-Germain. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan Sarki Louis XIII da Sarauniya Anne na Austria.
Yaron shine ɗan fari ga iyayensa a shekaru 23 da rayuwar aurensu. Abin da ya sa aka sanya masa suna Louis-Dieudonne, wanda ke nufin - "Allah ya ba shi". Daga baya, ma'auratan sun sami ɗa, Philip.
Yara da samari
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar Louis ya faru ne yana da shekaru 5, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu. A sakamakon haka, an ayyana yaron a matsayin sarki, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta zama mai mulki.
Anna ta Austria ta yi mulkin jihar tare da sanannen Cardinal Mazarin. Wannan na ƙarshen ne ya karɓi iko a hannunsa, bayan ya sami damar kai tsaye zuwa taskar.
A cewar wasu majiyoyi, Mazarin ya kasance mai rowa ne cewa riguna 2 ne kawai a cikin tufafi na Louis, har ma da masu faci.
Kadinal din ya bayyana cewa yakin basasa ne ya haifar da wannan tattalin arzikin - Fronde. A cikin 1649, suna tserewa daga masu tarzoma, dangin masarauta sun zauna a ɗayan wuraren zama na ƙasar, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 19 daga Paris.
Daga baya, gogaggen tsoro da wahala za su farka a cikin Louis XIV sha'awar cikakken iko da jin daɗi.
Bayan shekaru 3, an murkushe tashin hankali, sakamakon haka Mazarin ya sake karɓar dukkanin ragamar mulkin. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1661, Louis ya tara duk manyan mutane kuma ya ba da sanarwa a bainar jama'a cewa daga wannan ranar zai yi mulkin kansa.
Masu ba da labari na tarihi sun yi imanin cewa a wannan lokacin ne saurayin ya faɗi sanannen kalmar: "Jihar ni ne." Jami'ai, kamar yadda, hakika, mahaifiyarsa ta fahimci cewa yanzu ya kamata suyi biyayya ga Louis 14 kawai.
Farkon mulkin
Nan da nan bayan hawansa cikin sauri zuwa gadon sarauta, Louis ya himmatu ga neman ilimin kansa, yana kokarin yin karatun ta natsu kamar yadda zai yiwu ga duk dabarun gwamnati. Ya karanta littattafai kuma ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don ƙarfafa ikonsa.
Don yin wannan, Louis ya sanya ƙwararrun politiciansan siyasa a manyan mukamai, waɗanda ya buƙaci yin biyayya ba tare da tambaya ba. A lokaci guda, masarautar tana da rauni mai girma ga kayan alatu, kuma an bambanta shi da girman kai da narko.
Bayan ya ziyarci duk gidansa, Louis XIV ya koka cewa suna da filako sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, a cikin 1662, ya ba da umarnin mayar da masaukin farauta a cikin Versailles zuwa wani katafaren hadadden fada, wanda zai ta da hassada ga dukkan shugabannin Turai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, don gina wannan gidan, wanda ya ɗauki kusan rabin karni, kusan kaso 13% na kuɗin da aka samu daga bait ɗin an ware su kowace shekara! A sakamakon haka, kotun Versailles ta fara haifar da hassada da mamaki tsakanin kusan dukkanin masu mulki, wanda, a zahiri, shi ne abin da sarkin Faransa yake so.
Shekaru 20 na farkon mulkinsa, Louis 14 ya zauna a cikin Louvre, bayan haka ya zauna a cikin Tuileries. Hakanan Versailles ya zama mazaunin masarauta na dindindin a cikin 1682. Duk masarauta da bayi suna bin ƙa'idodi masu kyau. Abin mamaki ne cewa lokacin da masarautar ta nemi gilashin ruwa ko ruwan inabi, bayin 5 sun shiga aikin bayar da gilashin.
Daga wannan ne mutum zai iya yanke hukuncin yadda ake cin abincin safe, abincin dare da na dare na Louis. Da yamma, yana son shirya kwallaye da sauran abubuwan yabo a Versailles, waɗanda manyan masanan Faransa suka halarta.
Salon gidan sarauta yana da sunayensu, gwargwadon abin da aka samar musu da kayan ɗaki masu kyau. Shagon madubi mai tsada ya wuce mita 70 tsayinsa kuma fadinsa yakai mita 10. Marmara mai kyalkyali, dubban kyandir da madubai daga ƙasa zuwa rufi sun haskaka cikin ɗakin.
A kotun Louis Babban, marubuta, masu al'adu da fasaha sun nuna goyon baya. Yawancin lokuta ana yin wasan kwaikwayon a Versailles, ana yin masquerades da sauran wasu bukukuwa da yawa. 'Yan wasu sarakunan duniya ne kaɗai ke iya biyan wannan alatu.
Siyasa
Godiya ga hankali da fahimta, Louis XIV ya sami damar zaɓan thean takarar da suka dace da wannan ko wancan matsayin. Misali, ta hanyar kokarin Ministan Kudi, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, baitul malin Faransa yana kara wadatar kowace shekara.
Kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, jiragen ruwa da sauran fannoni da dama sun sami ci gaba sosai. Bugu da kari, Faransa ta kai matuka a fannin kimiyya, ta yadda take gaban sauran kasashen. A karkashin Louis, an gina katafaren fada, wanda a yau ke karkashin kariyar UNESCO.
Sojojin Faransa sun kasance mafi girma, mafi kyaun mutane kuma an shugabancesu a duk Turai. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa Louis 14 da kansa ya nada shugabanni a lardunan, yana zaɓar ƙwararrun candidatesan takara.
Ana buƙatar shugabannin ba kawai don kiyaye doka ba, amma har ma, idan ya cancanta, koyaushe su kasance a shirye don yaƙi. Hakanan, biranen suna ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumomi ko majalisun da aka kafa daga masu burga.
A karkashin Louis XIV, an kirkiro Dokar Kasuwanci (Dokoki) don rage ƙaurar mutane. An ƙwace dukkan kadarorin daga Faransawan da ke son barin ƙasar. Kuma waɗancan citizensan ƙasa waɗanda suka shiga aikin masu ginin jirgi na ƙasashen waje suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa.
An sayar ko kuma an gaji gadon gwamnati. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, jami'ai sun karbi albashinsu ba daga kasafin kudi ba, amma daga haraji. Wato, zasu iya dogaro da wani kaso na kowane samfurin da aka siya ko aka siyar. Wannan ya sa suka kasance masu sha'awar kasuwanci.
A cikin imaninsa na addini, Louis 14 ya bi koyarwar Jesuit, wanda ya sanya shi kayan aiki na mai da hankali ga Katolika. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a Faransa an hana duk wani ikirari na addini, sakamakon haka dole ne kowa ya yi iƙirarin Katolika kawai.
A saboda wannan dalili, 'yan Huguenot - mabiya addinin Calvin, suka fuskanci mummunar fitina. An dauke wuraren ibada daga garesu, an hana gudanar da ayyukan allahntaka, kuma an kawo maƙwabta cikin imaninsu. Haka kuma, hatta aure tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta an hana su.
Sakamakon fitinar addini, kimanin Furotesta 200,000 sun tsere daga jihar. A lokacin mulkin Louis 14, Faransa ta sami nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙasashe daban-daban, albarkacin abin da ta sami damar haɓaka yankuna.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa dole ne ƙasashen Turai su haɗu. Don haka, Austria, Sweden, Holland da Spain, da masarautun Jamusawa, sun yi adawa da Faransawa. Kuma kodayake da farko Louis ya ci nasarori a yaƙe-yaƙe tare da ƙawayen, daga baya ya fara shan wahala da ƙari.
A cikin 1692, Allies sun kayar da rundunar sojojin Faransa a tashar jirgin ruwan Cherbourg. Ma'aikatan ba su yi farin ciki da ƙarin harajin ba, saboda Louis mai girma yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don yin yaƙi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, yawancin kayan azurfa daga Versailles sun ma narke don sake cika baitulmalin.
Daga baya, sarki ya kira makiya don sasantawa, yana mai yarda da yin sassauci. Musamman, ya kwato wasu ƙasashe da suka ci, ciki har da Luxembourg da Catalonia.
Wataƙila yaƙin da ya fi kowane rauni zafi shi ne Yaƙin Gasar Mutanen Espanya a shekara ta 1701. A kan Louis, Burtaniya, Austria da Holland. Bayan shekaru 6, kawayen sun tsallaka tsaunukan Alps kuma suka kai hari kan mallakar Louis.
Don kare kansa daga abokan hamayya, sarki yana buƙatar mahimman hanyoyi, waɗanda babu su. A sakamakon haka, ya ba da umarnin narke dukkan kayan zinariyar na Versailles, don mallakar makamai iri-iri. Franceasar Faransa da ke da ci gaba ta kasance cikin talauci.
Mutane ba su iya wadatar da kansu da ma mafi mahimmancin buƙata. Koyaya, bayan tsawaita rikici, sojojin kawancen suka kafe, kuma a cikin 1713 Faransawa suka kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Utrecht tare da Birtaniyya, sannan shekara guda daga baya tare da Austriya.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Louis na XIV ke da shekaru 20, ya ƙaunaci Maria Mancini, 'yar yayan Cardinal Mazarin. Amma saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa, mahaifiyarsa da kadinal sun tilasta shi ya auri Infanta Maria Theresa. An buƙaci wannan auren don Faransa ta ƙulla sulhu da Mutanen Spain.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa matar da ba a ƙaunarta ta kasance dan uwan Louis. Tunda sarki mai zuwa baya kaunar matarsa, yana da mata da yawa da aka fi so. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da yara shida, biyar daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna ƙuruciya.
A cikin 1684, Louis 14 yana da wanda aka fi so, kuma daga baya ya zama matar kirki, Françoise d'Aubigne. A lokaci guda, yana da dangantaka da Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, wanda ya haifa masa yara 4, biyu daga cikinsu sun mutu lokacin ƙuruciya.
Sannan masarautar ta zama mai sha'awar Marquise de Montespan, wanda ya zama sabon masoyin sa. Sakamakon dangantakar su shine haihuwar yara 7. Uku daga cikinsu ba su taɓa rayuwa har zuwa girma ba.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, Louis 14 ya sami wata uwargidan - Duchess na Fontanges. A shekarar 1679, wata mata ta haifi ɗa mai rai. Sannan sarki yana da wata 'yar cikin shege daga Claude de Ven, wacce ake kira Louise. Koyaya, yarinyar ta mutu bayan shekaru biyu da haihuwa.
Mutuwa
Har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa, masarautar yana sha'awar lamuran jihar kuma ya bukaci kiyaye ka'idoji. Louis XIV ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1715 yana da shekara 76. Ya mutu bayan kwanaki da yawa na azaba daga gyambon kafa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ya dauki yankewar wani rauni a kafa ba abar yarda da martabar masarauta ba.
Hoton Louis 14
