Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) - Bature masanin halitta kuma matafiyi, daya daga cikin farkon wadanda suka zo ga tabbatarwa da kuma tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin halittu suna rayuwa akan lokaci kuma sun fito daga magabata daya.
A cikin ka'idarsa, wanda aka gabatar dashi dalla-dalla wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 1859 a cikin littafin "The Origin of Species" Darwin ya kira zabin yanayi babban sifofin halittar halittu.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Darwin, wanda zamu fada a kansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin Charles Darwin.
Tarihin Darwin
An haifi Charles Darwin a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1809 a garin Ingilishi na Shrewsbury. Ya girma a gidan wani babban likita kuma mai kuɗi Robert Darwin da matarsa, Susanne. Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida tare da iyayensa.
Yara da samari
Tun yana yaro, Darwin, tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yan'uwansa, sun kasance mabiya a cocin Unitarian Church. Lokacin da yake kusan shekara 8, ya fara zuwa makaranta, inda ya kasance yana da sha'awar ilimin kimiya da tattara abubuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba mahaifiyarsa ta mutu, sakamakon haka ilimin ilimin ruhaniya na yara ya zama sifili.
A cikin 1818, Darwin Sr. ya tura 'ya'yansa maza, Charles da Erasmus, zuwa Makarantar Anglican ta Shrewsbury. Masanin halitta na gaba ba ya son zuwa makaranta, tunda yanayin, wanda yake ƙauna sosai, kusan ba a can ake karatu ba.
Tare da kyawawan maki a cikin dukkan fannoni, Charles ya sami suna a matsayin ɗalibin da ba zai iya ba. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, yaron ya zama mai sha'awar tara butterflies da ma'adinai. Daga baya, ya gano babban sha'awar farauta.
A makarantar sakandare, Darwin ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar sinadarai, wanda shugaban makarantar motsa jiki ya caccaki shi, wanda ya dauki wannan kimiyya da ma'ana. A sakamakon haka, saurayin ya karɓi takaddun shaida tare da ƙananan maki.
Bayan wannan, Charles ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ya yi karatun likita. Bayan karatun shekaru 2 a jami'a, ya fahimci cewa ba ya son magani kwata-kwata. Saurayin ya fara tsallake karatu, kuma ya fara kera dabbobi.
Malamin Darwin a cikin wannan al'amari shi ne tsohon bawa mai suna John Edmonstone, wanda a wani lokaci ya bi ta cikin yankin Amazon a matsayin mai taimaka wa masanin halitta Charles Waterton.
Abubuwan binciken farko na Charles sun kasance ne a cikin jikin halittun ɓacin teku. Ya gabatar da ci gabansa a cikin ɗaliban ɗalibai na Plinievsky. A lokaci guda, matashin masanin kimiyya ya fara sanin ilimin jari-hujja.
Darwin ya yi farin ciki da yin kwasa-kwasai a cikin tarihin halitta, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu ilimin farko a fannin ilimin kasa, sannan kuma ya samu damar zuwa tarin kayayyakin da ke cikin gidan kayan tarihin jami'a.
Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gano game da karatun Charles, sai ya dage cewa dansa ya tafi Christ College, Jami'ar Cambridge. Mutumin ya so saurayin ya karɓi nadin wani malamin cocin na Ingila. Darwin ya yanke shawarar kin adawa da nufin mahaifinsa kuma nan da nan ya zama dalibin kwaleji.
Bayan ya canza tsarin ilimi, saurayin har yanzu bai ji daɗin himmar koyo ba. Madadin haka, yana son harbi da bindiga, farauta, da hawan dawakai. Daga baya ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin halitta - ilimin kwari.
Charles Darwin ya fara tara ƙwaro. Ya zama abokai da masanin ilimin tsirrai John Stevens Henslow, yana koya daga wurinsa abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da yanayi da kwari. Da ya fahimci cewa ba da daɗewa ba zai ci jarabawa ta ƙarshe, ɗalibin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali sosai ga karatunsa.
Abin mamaki, Darwin ya kware sosai wurin iya sarrafa kayan da ya rasa har ya zama na 10 cikin 178 da suka ci jarabawar.
Tafiya
Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a a 1831, Charles Darwin ya fara tafiya zuwa duniya a kan Beagle. Ya halarci yawon shakatawa na kimiyya a matsayin masanin halitta. Abin lura ne cewa tafiyar ta dauki kimanin shekaru 5.
Yayin da mambobin jirgin ke cikin karatun zane-zane na gaɓar teku, Charles ya tattara kayan tarihi daban-daban waɗanda suka shafi tarihin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa. A hankali ya rubuta duk abubuwan da ya gani, wasu daga cikinsu ya aika zuwa Cambridge.
A yayin tafiyarsa a kan Beagle, Darwin ya tattara tarin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa, sannan kuma ya bayyana tsarin halittar jikin wasu halittu masu rarrabuwa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar laconic. A yankin Patagonia, ya gano burbushin tsohuwar dabba mai suna megatherium, wanda a waje yayi kama da babban jirgin yakin.
Kusa da abin da aka gano, Charles Darwin ya lura da bazuwar bazuwar zamani, wanda ya nuna bacewar megatherium kwanan nan. A Biritaniya, wannan binciken ya tayar da sha'awa sosai tsakanin masana kimiyya.
Arin binciken yankin da aka taka a Patagonia, wanda ya bayyana tsoffin tsarin duniyarmu, ya sa ɗan asalin halitta yayi tunani game da maganganun kuskure a aikin Lyell "game da wanzuwar da ƙarewar nau'in."
Lokacin da jirgin ya isa Chile, Darwin ya sami damar da kansa ya lura da girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Ya lura da yadda ƙasa ta ɗaga saman teku. A cikin Andes, ya gano bawo na mollusks, a sakamakon haka mutumin ya ba da shawarar cewa shinge da manyan tsafe-tsafe ba komai ba ne illa sakamakon motsin ɓawon ƙasa.
A cikin tsibirin Galapagos, Charles ya ga cewa tsuntsaye na izgili na asali yana da bambance-bambance da yawa daga waɗanda ake samu a Chile da sauran yankuna. A Ostiraliya, ya lura da berayen kangaroo da platypuses, waɗanda suma sun bambanta da dabbobi iri ɗaya a wani wuri.
Abin da ya gani ya dame shi, har Darwin ya bayyana cewa wasu Mahalicci biyu ana zargin sun yi aiki a kan halittar Duniya. Bayan haka, "Beagle" ya ci gaba da tafiya a cikin ruwan Kudancin Amurka.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1839-1842. Charles Darwin ya gabatar da bayanansa a cikin takardun kimiyya: "Diary of the Investigations of a Naturalist", "Zoology of Voyage on Beagle" da "Tsarin da Rarraba Coral Reefs."
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce masanin shine farkon wanda ya bayyana abin da ake kira "dusar ƙanƙara mai tuba" - keɓaɓɓun tsari akan farfajiyar dusar ƙanƙara ko filayen firn a cikin siffar dala pyramids har zuwa mita 6, daga nesa kwatankwacin taron sufaye masu durƙusawa.
Bayan karshen balaguron, Darwin ya fara neman tabbatar da ka'idarsa game da canjin halittu. Ya ɓoye ra'ayinsa ga kowa, domin ya fahimci cewa da ra'ayinsa zai soki ra'ayin addini game da asalin duniya da duk abin da ke cikin ta.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa, duk da tunaninsa, Charles ya kasance mai imani. Maimakon haka, ya kasance yana jin daɗin koyarwar Krista da al'adu da yawa.
Daga baya, lokacin da aka tambayi mutumin game da imaninsa na addini, sai ya bayyana cewa shi bai taɓa yarda da Allah ba ta yadda ba ya musun wanzuwar Allah. Maimakon haka, ya ɗauka kansa masani ne.
Ficewa ta karshe daga cocin da ke Darwin ya faru ne bayan mutuwar 'yarsa Anne a 1851. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da ba da taimako ga mabiya, amma ya ki halartar ayyukan. Lokacin da danginsa suka je coci, sai ya tafi yawo.
A cikin 1838, an ba Charles matsayin sakatare na Geoungiyar logicalasa ta London. Ya rike wannan mukamin na kimanin shekaru 3.
Rukunan zuriya
Bayan yawo a duniya, Darwin ya fara yin littafin tarihi, inda ya rarraba nau'ikan shuka da dabbobin gida a aji. A can ma ya rubuta ra'ayinsa game da zaɓin yanayi.
Asalin nau'ikan halittu aikin Charles Darwin ne wanda marubucin ya gabatar da ka'idar juyin halitta. Littafin an buga shi ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1859, kuma ana daukar sa a matsayin ginshikin halittar juyin halitta. Babban ra'ayi shine cewa yawan jama'a yana canzawa bisa tsararraki ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi. Ka'idodin da aka bayyana a littafin sun sami suna - "Darwiniyanci".
Daga baya Darwin ya sake gabatar da wani sanannen aiki - "Zuriyar Mutum da Zaɓin Jima'i." Marubucin ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa mutane da birai suna da magabata daya. Ya gudanar da kwatancen nazarin halittar jiki da kuma kwatanta bayanan mahaifa, don haka yana kokarin tabbatar da ra'ayinsa.
Ka'idar juyin halitta ta sami karbuwa sosai a rayuwar Darwin, kuma bata rasa shahararta har yau. Koyaya, ya kamata a lura anan cewa shi, kamar dā, ya kasance kawai ka'ida ce, tunda tana da duhu da yawa.
Misali, a karnin da ya gabata mutum na iya jin labarin binciken da ake zargin ya tabbatar da cewa mutum ya fito ne daga biri. A matsayin shaida, an kawo kwarangwal din "Neanderthals", wanda yayi kama da wasu halittu, a lokaci guda kwatankwacin birrai da mutane.
Koyaya, da bullo da hanyoyin zamani don gano ragowar mutanen zamanin, ya bayyana karara cewa wasu kasusuwa na mutane ne, wasu kuma na dabbobi, kuma ba koyaushe birrai ba.
Har zuwa yanzu, akwai takaddama mai zafi tsakanin magoya baya da masu adawa da ka'idar juyin halitta. Tare da wannan duka, a matsayin masu kare asalin allahntaka na mutum, ba zai yiwu a tabbatar ba halittada masu gwagwarmaya na asali daga birai iya tabbatar da matsayin su ta kowace hanya.
A ƙarshe, asalin mutum ya kasance cikakken asiri, komai yawan ra'ayoyi daban-daban da ilimin kimiyya ya rufe su.
Ya kamata kuma a sani cewa masu goyon bayan Darwiniyanci sukan kira ka'idar su kimiyya, da ra'ayoyin addini - makauniyar imani... A lokaci guda, waɗannan da sauran suna dogara ne akan maganganun da aka ɗauka kawai akan imani.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Charles Darwin ta kasance kani ce mai suna Emma Wedgwood. Sabbin ma'auratan sun halatta dangantakar su daidai da dukkan al'adun Cocin Anglican. Ma'auratan suna da yara 10, uku daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna yara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa wasu daga cikin yaran basu da lafiya ko rauni. Masanin kimiyya yayi imani cewa dalilin wannan shine danginsa da Emma.
Mutuwa
Charles Darwin ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1882 yana dan shekara 73. Matar ta fi mijinta tsawon rai har tsawon shekaru 14, bayan da ta mutu a ƙarshen 1896.
Hotunan Darwin
