Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) - Bafaranshen lissafi, makaniki, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, masanin taurari da falsafa. Shugaban Makarantar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris, memba na Makarantar Koyon Faransanci da sauran makarantun kimiyya sama da 30 a duniya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana lissafi a tarihin ɗan adam.
Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa Poincaré, tare da Hilbert, su ne masanin lissafi na ƙarshe na duniya - masanin kimiyya ne wanda zai iya ɗaukar dukkan sassan ilimin lissafi na lokacinsa.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a tarihin rayuwar Poincaré, wanda zamu tattauna a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Henri Poincaré.
Tarihin rayuwar Poincaré
An haifi Henri Poincaré a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1854 a garin Nancy na Faransa. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan farfesan likitanci Léon Poincaré da matarsa Eugenie Lanois. Yana da ƙanwarsa Alina.
Yara da samari
Tun yana ƙarami, Henri Poincaré ya bambanta da rashin tunani, wanda ya kasance tare da shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Tun yana yaro, ya kasance yana fama da cutar diphtheria, wacce a wani lokaci ta shanye kafafun yaron da danshi.
Watanni da yawa, Poincaré ya kasa magana da motsi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a wannan lokacin ya tsawaita fahimtarsa na sauraro kuma ƙwarewa ta musamman ta tashi - tsinkayen launi na sauti.
Godiya ga kyakkyawan shiri na gida, Anri mai shekaru 8 ya sami damar shiga Lyceum kai tsaye shekara ta 2. Ya sami manyan digiri a duk fannoni kuma ya sami suna a matsayin ɗalibi mai ilimi.
Daga baya Poincaré ya koma Faculty of Literature, inda ya kware da Latin, Jamusanci da Ingilishi. Lokacin da yake shekaru 17, ya zama digiri na farko na zane-zane. Sannan yana so ya sami digiri na farko a cikin ilimin (na halitta), ya ci jarabawa tare da alamar "mai gamsarwa".
Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a jarrabawar lissafi, Henri, saboda rashin hankalinsa, ya yanke shawarar tikitin ba daidai ba.
A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 1873, saurayin ya shiga makarantar Polytechnic. Ba da daɗewa ba ya buga labarinsa na farko na kimiyya game da bambancin yanayin ƙasa. Bayan haka, Poincaré ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Ma'adinai - babbar cibiyar ilimi mai girma. Anan yayi nasarar kare karatun digirin digirgir.
Ayyukan kimiyya
Bayan karɓar digirinsa, Henri ya fara koyarwa a ɗayan makarantun Cannes. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya gabatar da wasu manyan ayyuka wadanda suka shafi ayyukan kere kere.
Nazarin ayyukan kera motoci, mutumin ya gano alaƙar su da yanayin ilimin Lobachevsky. A sakamakon haka, hanyoyin warware matsalar da ya gabatar sun ba da damar lissafin kowane daidaitaccen lissafin lissafi tare da haɗin algebraic.
Ra'ayoyin Poincaré kai tsaye sun ja hankalin masanan ilimin lissafi na Turai. A cikin 1881 an gayyaci matashin masanin kimiyya don ya koyar a Jami'ar Paris. A cikin waɗancan shekarun rayuwarsa, ya zama mai kirkirar sabon reshe na lissafi - ka’idar tabbatar da daidaiton lissafi.
A cikin lokacin 1885-1895. Henri Poincaré ya tashi don warware wasu matsaloli masu rikitarwa a cikin ilimin taurari da lissafi. A tsakiyar 1880s, ya shiga cikin gasar lissafi, yana zaɓar batun da ya fi wahala. Dole ne ya kirga motsin abubuwan da ke jikin tsarin hasken rana.
Poincaré ya gabatar da ingantattun hanyoyi don magance matsalar, sakamakon haka aka ba shi kyautar. Ofaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin yanke hukunci ya ce bayan aikin Henri, sabon zamani a tarihin masanikai na sama zai fara a duniya.
Lokacin da mutumin ya kai kimanin shekaru 32, an bashi amanar jagorancin sashen ilimin lissafi da lissafin yiwuwar a Jami'ar Paris. Anan Poincaré ya ci gaba da rubuta sabbin ayyukan kimiyya, yana yin mahimman bayanai da yawa.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an zaɓi Henri a matsayin Shugaban Matungiyar Lissafi ta Faransa kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris. A shekarar 1889, masani ya wallafa wani aiki mai kundi 12 "Course of Lissafi na Kimiyyar lissafi".
Bayan wannan, Poincare ta buga kundin tarihin "Sabbin Hanyoyi na Ma'aikatan Kayan Sama". Ayyukansa a cikin wannan yanki sune manyan nasarori a cikin injiniyoyin samaniya tun daga lokacin Newton.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Henri Poincaré ya kasance yana da sha'awar ilimin taurari, sannan kuma ya kirkiro wani sabon reshe na lissafi - topology. Shi ne marubucin mafi mahimmancin ayyukan taurari. Ya gudanar da tabbatar da kasancewar adadi na daidaito ban da ellipsoid (ya bincika kwanciyar hankalin su).
Don wannan binciken a cikin 1900, an ba Bafaranshe lambar zinare ta Royal Astronomical Society of London. Henri Poincaré ya wallafa labarai masu mahimmanci game da topology. A sakamakon haka, ya haɓaka kuma ya gabatar da sanannen zato, wanda aka sa masa suna.
Sunan Poincaré yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da nasarar ka'idar dangantaka. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, tun daga 1898, tun kafin Einstein, Poincaré ya tsara ƙa'idar ƙawancen jama'a. Shi ne farkon wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa lokaci daya na abubuwan mamaki ba cikakke bane, amma sharaɗi ne kawai.
Bugu da kari, Henri ya gabatar da sigar iyakar saurin haske. Koyaya, ba kamar Poincaré ba, Einstein ya ƙi yarda da ainihin ra'ayin ether, yayin da Bafaranshe ya ci gaba da amfani da shi.
Wani babban bambanci tsakanin matsayin Poincaré da Einstein shi ne cewa yawan yanke shawara game da dangantakar, Henry ya ɗauka a matsayin cikakken sakamako, kuma Einstein - a matsayin dangi. A bayyane yake, zurfin bincike game da ka'ida ta musamman game da dangantaka (SRT) a cikin labaran Poincaré ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa abokan aikinsa ba su mai da hankali sosai ga ra'ayoyinsa ba.
Hakanan, Albert Einstein ya binciki tushen wannan hoton na zahiri kuma ya gabatar da shi ga al'umar duniya a cikin cikakkun bayanai. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, lokacin tattauna batun SRT, ba a ambaci sunan Poincaré ko'ina ba.
Manyan masana lissafin nan biyu sun hadu sau ɗaya kawai - a cikin 1911 a Farkon Solvay Congress. Duk da kin amincewa da ka'idar dangantakar, Henri da kansa ya girmama Einstein da girmamawa.
A cewar marubutan tarihin Poincaré, kallon kallo da aka yi a hoto ya hana shi zama halattaccen marubucin ka'idar dangantakar. Idan ya yi zurfin bincike, gami da auna tsawon da lokaci, to wannan ka'idar za a sanya masa suna. Koyaya, shi, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ya kasa "sanya matsi" zuwa ƙarshen batun.
A tsawon shekarun tarihin rayuwarsa na kimiyya, Henri Poincaré ya gabatar da muhimman ayyuka a kusan dukkan fannonin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, kanikanci, falsafa da sauran fannoni. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce lokacin da ake kokarin magance wata matsala, da farko ya gama warware ta a zuciyarsa sannan kawai ya rubuta maganin a takarda.
Poincaré yana da ƙwaƙwalwa mai ban mamaki, godiya ga abin da zai iya sake maimaita labaran har ma littattafan da yake karanta kalma da kalma. Bai taɓa yin aiki a kan wani aiki na dogon lokaci ba.
Mutumin ya bayyana cewa tunanin da ya rigaya ya riga ya sami baya kuma zai iya yin aiki dashi koda kuwa kwakwalwa tana aiki da wasu abubuwa. Yawancin ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi an lakafta su ne bayan Poincaré, wanda ke magana game da yawan aikinsa na ban mamaki.
Rayuwar mutum
Lissafin lissafin ya sadu da matarsa Louise Poulin d'Andesy ta gaba a cikin shekarun ɗalibinsa. Matasan sun yi aure a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1881. Wannan auren ya haifi 'yan mata 3 da namiji daya.
Mutanen zamanin Poincaré sun yi magana game da shi a matsayin mai martaba, wawa, mai filako da rashin kulawa ga sanannen mutum. Wasu suna da ra'ayin cewa an janye shi, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ce. Rashin sadarwar sa ya kasance saboda yawan jin kunya da nutsuwa koyaushe.
Koyaya, yayin tattaunawar kimiyya, Henri Poincaré ya kasance mai tsayawa koyaushe a cikin abin da ya gaskata. Bai shiga cikin abin kunya ba kuma bai zagi kowa ba. Mutumin bai taba shan taba ba, yana son tafiya a kan titi kuma ba ruwansa da addini.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1908, masanin lissafi ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, sakamakon haka dole ne a yi masa tiyata. Bayan shekaru 4, lafiyarsa ta tabarbare sosai. Henri Poincaré ya mutu bayan an yi masa tiyata daga wani abin da ya faru a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1912 yana da shekara 58.
Hotunan Poincaré