Dangane da binciken ilimin halayyar dan Adam, aikin koyarwa na daya daga cikin abin da ke kawo cece-kuce. A gefe guda, a duk faɗin duniya yana da tabbaci yana ɗayan ɗayan wurare na farko tsakanin ƙwararrun masaniya. A gefe guda kuma, idan ya kasance ko waɗanda suka amsa tambayoyin suna son ɗansu ya zama malami, ƙimar “daraja” ta faɗi ƙasa sosai.
Ba tare da yin wani zabe ba, a bayyane yake cewa ga kowace al'umma, malami babbar sana'a ce, kuma ba za ku iya amincewa da kowa ba game da tarbiyya da koyar da yara. Amma bayan lokaci sai ya zama cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin malamai, yawancin kayan ilimin su ya kamata. Babu makawa game da ilimin gama gari ya rage matsakaicin matakin ɗalibai da matsakaicin matakin malamai. Kyakkyawan gwamna a farkon karni na 19 na iya ba ɗa ɗa daga cikin iyalai masu daraja dukkan ilimin asali. Amma lokacin da a cikin al'ummar irin wannan zuriya, miliyoyin gwamnonin kirki basa isa ga kowa. Dole ne in haɓaka tsarin ilimi: na farko, ana koyar da malamai na gaba, sannan suna koyar da yara. Tsarin, duk abin da mutum zai iya faɗi, ya zama babba kuma mai wahala. Kuma a cikin tarihin kowane babban tsari akwai wurin amfani, son sani, da bala'i.
1. Abubuwan mamaki malamai suna da faɗi (in aka kwatanta da albashin su) waɗanda aka wakilta akan takardun banki na ƙasashe daban-daban. A Girka, an fitar da kuɗin kuɗi na drachmas 10,000 tare da hoton Aristotle, mai koyar da Alexander the Great. Wanda ya kafa sanannen Kwalejin Plato ya girmama ta Italiya (lire 100). A Armenia, lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo 1,000 tana nuna wanda ya kafa koyarwar Armenia Mesrop Mashtots. An bai wa malamin Holan ɗin nan kuma ɗan adam Erasmus na Rotterdam takardar rubutu na jagora 100 a cikin mahaifarsa. Czech 200 kronor bank yana da hoto na fitaccen malami Jan Amos Komensky. 'Yan Switzerland sun karrama memba na dan kasarsu Johann Pestalozzi ta hanyar sanya hotonsa a takardar 20-franc. Alamar dinari 10 ta Sabiyan tana da hoto na mai kawo sauyi a harshen Serbo-Kroatiya kuma ya tattara nahawunsa da kamus dinsa, Karadzic Vuk Stefanovic. Peter Beron, marubucin farkon share fage na Bulgaria, an zana shi a kan takardar kudi ta leva 10. Estonia ta tafi yadda take: hoton malami na harshen Jamusanci da adabin Karl Robert Jakobson an sanya shi a kan lambar kuɗi 500. Maria Montessori, mai ƙirar tsarin koyar da tarbiya da sunanta, ta ƙawata lissafin lire 1,000 na Italia. Hoton shugaban kasa na farko na Kungiyar Malaman Najeriya, Alvan Ikoku, an nuna shi a kan kudin naira 10.
2. Malami daya tilo da ya shiga tarihin karantarwa albarkacin dalibi daya shine Ann Sullivan. A farkon yarinta, wannan matar Ba'amurke ta rasa mahaifiya da kannenta (mahaifinta ya bar dangin tun farko) kuma kusan ta makance. Daga cikin yawan tiyatar ido, daya ne kawai ya taimaka, amma idanun Ann ba su dawo ba. Koyaya, a wata makarantar makafi, ta dauki koyarwar wata yarinya ‘yar shekara bakwai, Helen Keller, wacce ta rasa gani da ji tun tana‘ yar watanni 19. Sullivan ya sami damar neman hanyar zuwa Helen. Yarinyar ta kammala karatun sakandare da kwaleji, kodayake a waccan shekarun (an haifi Keller a 1880) babu batun wata koyarwa ta musamman, kuma ta yi karatu tare da lafiyayyun ɗalibai da ɗalibai. Sullivan da Keller sun kwashe tsawon lokaci suna tare har zuwa mutuwar Sullivan a 1936. Helen Keller ta zama marubuciya kuma shahararriyar mai fafutuka a duniya. Ana bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni a Amurka a matsayin Ranar Helen Keller.
Anne Sullivan da Helen Keller suna rubuta littafi
3. Masanin ilimi Yakov Zeldovich ba kawai ƙwararren masanin kimiyya bane, amma kuma marubucin littattafai uku masu kyau na ilimin lissafi ga masana ilimin lissafi. Litattafan karatun Zeldovich sun banbanta ne ba wai kawai ga daidaituwar gabatar da kayan ba, har ma da harshen gabatarwa wanda yake a bayyane yake a wancan lokacin (1960 - 1970). Ba zato ba tsammani, a ɗayan thean matattarar ƙwararrun mujallu, wata wasika ta bayyana, waɗanda malamin jami'a Leonid Sedov, Lev Pontryagin da Anatoly Dorodnitsyn suka rubuta, inda a ciki aka soki littattafan Zeldovich daidai da yanayin gabatarwar da ba ta cancanci "kimiyya mai tsanani ba." Zeldovich mutum ne mai yawan rigima, koyaushe yana da isassun mutane masu kishi. Gabaɗaya, masana kimiyyar Soviet, a taƙaice, ba ƙungiya ɗaya ce ta mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya ba. Amma a nan dalilin hare-haren ya kasance karami ne karara har aka sanya sunan "Jarumai uku a gaban jarumi sau uku" nan da nan fada. Sau uku Jarumin kwadagon gurguzu ya kasance, kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, marubucin littattafan karatu Ya. Zeldovich.
Yakov Zeldovich a wata lacca
4. Kamar yadda kuka sani, Lev Landau, tare da Evgeny Lifshitz, sun kirkiro wani kwas na gargajiya a tsarin ilimin lissafi. A lokaci guda, dabarun sa a cikin ilimin koyarwa da ƙyar za a iya ɗauka misalai waɗanda suka cancanci a kwaikwayi su. A Jami'ar Jihar ta Kharkiv, ya karɓi laƙabi "Levko Durkovich" don yawanci kiran ɗalibai "wawaye" da "wawaye". A bayyane, ta wannan hanyar ɗan injiniya da likita suka yi ƙoƙari su cusa wa ɗalibai, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sauke karatu daga makarantar ma'aikata, wato, ba su da shiri sosai, tushen al'adu. Yayin gwajin, daya daga cikin daliban Landau ta yi tunanin cewa shawarar da ta yanke ba daidai ba ce. Ya fara yin dariya a hankali, ya kwanta akan tebur yana buga ƙafafuwan sa. Yarinyar da ke dagewa ta maimaita maganin a kan allo, kuma bayan hakan ne malamin ya yarda cewa tana da gaskiya.
Lev Landau
5. Landau ya shahara da asalin hanyar daukar jarabawa. Ya tambayi ƙungiyar idan akwai ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyarta waɗanda suke shirye su sami “C” ba tare da cin jarabawar ba. Wadancan, tabbas, an same su, sun sami maki, kuma sun tafi. Sannan daidai hanya iri ɗaya aka maimaita ba kawai tare da waɗanda suke son samun "huɗu" ba, amma har ma da waɗanda suke jin ƙishin "biyar". Malami mai suna Vladimir Smirnov ya ɗauki jarrabawa a Jami'ar Jihar ta Moscow ba ƙarancin asali ba. Ya sanar da kungiyar tun farko cewa za a tara tikitin a cikin lambobi, umarnin kawai zai iya zama kai tsaye ko juyawa (farawa da tikitin ƙarshe). Daliban, a zahiri, sun rarraba layin kuma sun koyi tikiti biyu.
6. Malamin Ba'amurke kuma masanin lissafi Felix Klein, wanda ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin ilimin makaranta, a koyaushe yana ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da ƙididdigar ka'idoji ta hanyar binciken makaranta a aikace. A ɗayan makarantun, Klein ya tambayi ɗaliban lokacin da aka haifi Copernicus. Babu wanda ke cikin ajin da zai iya ba da amsa ko da da daɗi. Sannan malamin yayi babbar tambaya: shin hakan ya faru ne kafin zamaninmu, ko bayan haka. Jin amsar amintacce: "Tabbas, a da!", Klein ta rubuta a cikin shawarwarin hukuma cewa ya zama aƙalla a tabbatar cewa lokacin amsa wannan tambayar, yara ba sa amfani da kalmar "tabbas".
Felix Klein
7. Masanin ilimin harshe Viktor Vinogradov, bayan ya kwashe shekaru 10 a sansanin, ba ya son ɗumbin mutane. A lokaci guda, tun kafin lokacin yaƙi, akwai jita-jita cewa shi ƙwararren malami ne. Lokacin da, bayan gyaran, Vinogradov aka yi hayar shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Moscow, an sayar da laccoci na farko. Vinogradov ya ɓace kuma ya gabatar da lacca zalla bisa ƙa'ida: sun ce, ga mawaki Zhukovsky, ya rayu a lokacin, ya rubuta wannan da wancan - duk abin da za a iya karantawa a cikin littafi. A waccan lokacin, halarta kyauta ne, kuma ɗalibai da suka fusata da sauri suka bar masu sauraro. Sai kawai lokacin da saurarru sauraru kaɗan suka rage, Vinogradov ya saki jiki ya fara lacca kamar yadda ya saba.
Victor Vinogradov
8. Fiye da fursunoni 3,000 sun ratsa ta hannun fitaccen malamin nan na Soviet, Anton Makarenko, wanda ke kula da cibiyoyin gyaran tarbiyyar yara masu laifi a shekarar 1920-1936. Babu ɗayansu da ya komo hanyar aikata laifi. Wasu da kansu sun zama sanannun malamai, kuma mutane da yawa sun nuna kansu da kyau yayin Yakin Patan rioasa. Daga cikin masu ba da umarni waɗanda Makarenko suka rene su, kuma mahaifin shahararren ɗan siyasar Grigory Yavlinsky. Littattafan Anton Semyonovich manajoji ne ke amfani da su a Japan - suna amfani da ƙa'idodinsa na ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar haɗin kai mai lafiya. UNESCO ta ayyana 1988 shekarar A. S. Makarenko. A lokaci guda, an saka shi cikin adadin malamai waɗanda suka ƙayyade ka'idojin koyarwar ƙarni. Jerin ya hada da Maria Montessori, John Dewey da Georg Kerschensteiner.
Anton Makarenko da dalibansa
9. Fitaccen daraktan fim Mikhail Romm, yayin daukar jarabawar shiga VGIK daga Vasily Shukshin, ya fusata sosai cewa mai nema daga dukkan littattafan masu kauri ya karanta "Martin Eden" ne kawai kuma a lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan makaranta. Shukshin bai ci gaba da kasancewa cikin bashi ba kuma, a cikin yadda yake magana, ya gaya wa babban daraktan fim din cewa darektan makarantar ƙauyen yana buƙatar samun da isar da itacen itacen, kananzir, malamai, da sauransu - kar a karanta. Romm ya burge ya ba Shukshin "biyar".
10. Daya daga cikin masu zana jarabawar a jami’ar Oxford ya dimauta saboda bukatar dalibin da ya ci jarabawar ya samar masa da naman shanya shan taba giya. Wani dalibi ya fito da wata doka ta zamanin da bisa ga hakan, yayin dogon jarabawa (har yanzu suna nan kuma suna iya yin kwana duka), dole ne jami'a ta ciyar da masu binciken da naman alade da shan giya. An ƙi giyar bayan gano haramcin kwanan nan akan giya. Bayan lallashewa da yawa, an maye gurbin naman shanya da jarrabawar wucewa da abinci mai sauri. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, malamin da kansa ya rako wannan ɗalibin mai ladabi zuwa Kotun Jami'ar. A can, kwamitin mutane da yawa a cikin hular gashi da riguna da gaske suka kore shi daga jami'ar. Dangane da ingantacciyar doka ta 1415, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su bayyana don jarabawar da takobi.
Holdarfafa al'adu
11. Maria Montessori kwata-kwata bata son zama malama. A lokacin samartaka (karshen karni na 19), mace ‘yar kasar Italia za ta iya samun ilimin boko ne kawai (a Italia, ba za a iya samun ilimi mafi girma ga maza ba - ko da a rabin na biyu na karni na 20, duk wani mutum da ke da wata babbar ilimi an girmama shi da suna“ Dottore ”). Montessori dole ne ta karya al'adar - ta zama mace ta farko a Italiya da ta karɓi digiri na likita, sannan ta yi digiri a fannin magani. Sai da shekara 37 kawai ta buɗe makarantar farko don koyar da yara marasa lafiya.
Maria Montessori. Dole ne ta zama malama
12. Daya daga cikin ginshikan koyarwar Amurkawa da duniya, John Dewey yayi amannar cewa 'yan Siberian suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 120. Ya taɓa faɗin wannan a cikin hira lokacin da ya riga ya wuce shekaru 90, kuma yana rashin lafiya. Masanin ya ce idan Siberians sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 120, to me zai hana ku gwada shi ma. Dewey ya mutu yana da shekara 92.
13. Bayan da ya kirkiro nasa tsarin koyarwa a bisa ka'idojin mutumtaka, Vasily Sukhomlinsky ya nuna karfin gwiwa mai ban mamaki. Bayan da ya sami mummunan rauni a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Sukhomlinsky, ya koma garinsu, ya sami labarin cewa an kashe matarsa da ɗansa ƙwarai - matarsa ta ba da haɗin kai ga ɓangaren ɓoye. Matashin mai shekaru 24 wanda yake koyarwa tun yana da shekaru 17 bai fasa ba. Har zuwa rasuwarsa, ba wai kawai ya zama darektan makaranta ba ne, har ma ya tsunduma cikin ka’idar koyar da ilmantarwa, binciken lissafi, sannan kuma ya rubuta littattafai ga yara.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky
14. A shekarar 1850, fitaccen malamin nan dan kasar Rasha Konstantin Ushinsky ya yi murabus daga mukamin malamin a Demidov Juridical Lyceum. Matashin malamin ya fusata da rashin buƙatar buƙatu na gwamnati: don samar da cikakkun shirye-shiryen karatunsa tare da ɗalibai, ana rarraba su awa da rana. Ushinsky yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa zasu kashe koyarwa mai rai. Malami, a cewar Konstantin Dmitrievich, dole ne ya yi la'akari da bukatun ɗaliban. Murabus din Ushinsky da takwarorinsa da suka goyi bayansa ya gamsu. Yanzu rabewar karatun awanni da kwanaki ana kiransa tsara darasi da tsarawa kuma ya zama tilas ga kowane malami, ba tare da la'akari da irin karatun da yake koyarwa ba.
Konstantin Ushinsky
15. Har yanzu Ushinsky ya zama wanda aka azabtar da yanayin shaƙatawa a cikin ilimin koyarwar tsarist Russia tuni ya balaga. Daga mukamin sufetoci na Cibiyar Smolny, da ake zargi da rashin yarda da addini, lalata, rashin son kai da kuma rashin girmama manyansa, an tura shi ... yawon shakatawa na tsawon shekaru biyar zuwa Turai da kudin jama'a. Kasashen waje, Konstantin Dmitrievich ya ziyarci kasashe da yawa, ya rubuta kyawawan littattafai biyu kuma ya yi magana da yawa tare da Sarauniya Maria Alexandrovna.
16. Doctor kuma malami Janusz Korczak tun a 1911 shi ne darektan "Gidan Marayu" a Warsaw. Bayan da sojojin Jamusawa suka mamaye Poland, an mayar da gidan Marayu zuwa garetin yahudawa - yawancin fursunonin, kamar Korczak kansa, Yahudawa ne. A cikin 1942, an tura yara kusan 200 zuwa sansanin Treblinka. Korczak yana da damar tserewa da yawa, amma ya ƙi barin ɗalibansa. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1942, an kashe fitaccen malami da ɗalibansa a ɗakin gas.
17. Malami dan kasar Hungary malamin da'a da zana Laszlo Polgar tuni yana matashi, bayan yayi karatun tarihin wasu mutane masu hazaka, ya yanke hukuncin cewa zaku iya tarbiyatar da kowane yaro a matsayin mai hazaka, kawai kuna buƙatar ingantaccen ilimi da aiki koyaushe. Bayan ya ɗauki matar (sun sadu ta hanyar wasiƙa), Polgar ya fara tabbatar da ka'idarsa. Duk yara mata guda uku, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin dangi, an koya musu wasan chess kusan tun suna jarirai - Polgar ta zaɓi wannan wasan a matsayin dama don tantance sakamakon tarbiyya da ilimi kamar yadda ya kamata. A sakamakon haka, Zsuzsa Polgar ta zama zakaran gwajin dafi a tsakanin mata da kuma mai girma a tsakanin maza, sannan ‘yan’uwanta mata Judit da Sofia suma sun sami taken manyan mata.
... kuma kawai kyawawa. 'Yan matan Polgar
18. Ana iya kiran mizanin rashin sa'a makoma ta fitaccen ɗan Switzerland Swiss Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Duk ayyukansa na aiwatarwa sun gaza saboda dalilai fiye da ikon malami mai hazaka. A cikin kirkirar Mafaka don Talakawa, ya fuskanci gaskiyar cewa iyaye masu godiya sun ɗauki 'ya'yansu daga makaranta da zarar sun hau ƙafafunsu kuma sun karɓi tufafi kyauta. Dangane da ra'ayin Pestalozzi, ya kamata cibiyar kula da yara ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, amma yawan fitowar ma'aikata ba ta tabbatar da ci gaba ba. A cikin irin wannan yanayi na Makarenko, yara masu tasowa sun zama masu goyon bayan ƙungiyar. Pestalozzi bashi da irin wannan tallafi, kuma bayan shekaru 5 da wanzuwa, ya rufe "Institution". Bayan juyin juya halin bogi a Switzerland, Pestalozzi ya kafa kyakkyawan gidan marayu daga wata tsohuwar gidan sufi a Stans. Anan malamin yayi la'akari da kuskurensa kuma ya shirya manyan yara a gaba don matsayin mataimaka. Matsalar ta zo ne ta hanyar rundunar Napoleonic. Kawai sun kori gidan marayun daga gidan sufi wanda ya dace da masaukinsa. A ƙarshe, lokacin da Pestalozzi ya kafa kuma ya sanya Cibiyar Burgdorf shahara a duniya, cibiyar, bayan shekaru 20 na ci gaba da aiki, ta kawar da rashin jituwa tsakanin ma'aikatan gudanarwa.
19. Malamin da ya dade yana aiki a jami'ar Königsberg, Immanuel Kant, ya burge dalibansa ba wai kawai saboda kiyaye lokacinsa ba (sun duba agogo a kan tafiyarsa) da zurfin hankali. Ofaya daga cikin tatsuniya game da Kant ya ce lokacin da wata rana unguwar wani malamin falsafa da bai taɓa yin aure ba har yanzu ya sami nasarar jan shi a gidan karuwai, Kant ya bayyana abubuwan da yake ji a matsayin "yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, marasa hayaniya marasa amfani".
Kant
20. Fitaccen masanin halayyar dan adam kuma malami Lev Vygotsky, wataƙila, da ba zai zama ko dai masanin halayyar ɗan adam ko malami ba, in ba don abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali na shekarar 1917 da ɓarnar da ta biyo baya ba. Vygotsky yayi karatu a Faculty of Law da Tarihi da Falsafa, kuma a matsayin ɗalibi ya buga labarai masu mahimmanci na tarihi da na tarihi. Koyaya, yana da wuya a ciyar da labarai a cikin Rasha koda a cikin shekarun kwanciyar hankali, har ma fiye da haka a shekarun juyin-juya hali.Vygotsky an tilasta masa samun aiki a matsayin malami, da farko a makaranta sannan a makarantar koyon aikin fasaha. Koyarwa ta kama shi sosai har tsawon shekaru 15, duk da rashin lafiyarsa (ya sha wahala daga tarin fuka), ya buga ayyuka sama da 200 akan koyar da yara da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama na gargajiya.
Lev Vygotsky
