Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (1877-1926) - Juyin juya halin Rasha dan asalin Poland, ɗan siyasan Soviet, shugaban wasu kwamitocin mutane, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Cheka.
Yayi sunayen laƙabi Iron Felix, "Red zartarwa" da FD, kazalika da sunaye na karkashin kasa: Jacek, Jakub, Binder, Franek, Astronomer, Jozef, Domansky.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya da yawa na Dzerzhinsky, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin Felix Dzerzhinsky.
Tarihin rayuwar Dzerzhinsky
An haifi Felix Dzerzhinsky a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta (11 ga Satumba), 1877 a cikin gidan dangin Dzerzhinovo, wanda ke cikin lardin Vilna (yanzu shine yankin Minsk na Belarus).
Ya girma ne a cikin dangi na Poland mai martaba-Edry-Rufin Iosifovich da matarsa Helena Ignatievna. Iyalin Dzerzhinsky na da yara 9, ɗayan ya mutu yana ƙarami.
Yara da samari
Shugaban dangin shine mai gidan gonar Dzerzhinovo. Na ɗan lokaci ya koyar da lissafi a ɗakin wasan motsa jiki na Taganrog. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a cikin ɗalibansa akwai shahararren marubuci Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Iyayen sun sanya wa yaron suna Felix, wanda ke nufin "mai farin ciki" a yaren Latin, saboda wani dalili.
Hakan ya faru ne a jajibirin ranar haihuwar, Helena Ignatievna ta fada cikin ɗaki, amma ta sami damar tsira da haihuwar ɗa cikin ƙoshin lafiya.
Lokacin da mai neman sauyi na gaba ya kasance kimanin shekaru 5, mahaifinsa ya mutu daga tarin fuka. A sakamakon haka, sai mahaifiya ta tara yaranta su takwas ita kadai.
Tun yana yaro, Dzerzhinsky ya so ya zama firist - firist din Katolika, a sakamakon hakan ya shirya shiga makarantar hauza tauhidi.
Amma burinsa bai kasance mai gaskiya ba. Tun yana dan shekara 10, ya zama dalibi a dakin motsa jiki, inda ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru 8.
Gabaɗaya bai san Rashanci ba, Felix Dzerzhinsky ya share shekaru 2 a aji na 1 kuma a ƙarshen aji 8 an sake shi tare da takardar sheda.
Koyaya, dalilin rashin tabuka komai ya kasance ba ikon ƙwaƙwalwa sosai kamar rikice-rikice da malamai. A shekarar karshe ta karatunsa, ya shiga kungiyar Lithuanian Social Democratic organization.
Ayyukan juyi
An kwashe shi ta hanyar dabarun dimokiradiyya na al'umma, Dzerzhinsky mai shekaru 18 da kansa yayi karatun Markisanci. A sakamakon haka, ya zama mai yawan yada farfaganda.
Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, an kama mutumin kuma aka saka shi a kurkuku, inda ya yi kimanin shekara guda. A cikin 1898 an kori Felix zuwa lardin Vyatka. Anan ya kasance yana karkashin kulawar 'yan sanda. Koyaya, ko a nan ma ya ci gaba da gudanar da farfaganda, sakamakon haka an tura shi juyin juya halin zuwa ƙauyen Kai.
Yayin da yake bautar da hukuncin a sabon wuri, Dzerzhinsky ya fara yin la'akari da shirin tserewa. A sakamakon haka, ya sami nasarar tserewa zuwa Lithuania, daga baya kuma zuwa Poland. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya riga ya kasance ƙwararren masanin juyin juya hali, mai iya jayayya da ra'ayoyin sa da isar da shi ga jama'a.
Bayan ya isa Warsaw, Felix ya saba da ra'ayoyin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic ta Rasha, wanda yake so. Ba da daɗewa ba an sake kama shi. Bayan ya kwashe shekaru 2 a kurkuku, ya sami labarin cewa za su yi gudun hijira zuwa Siberia.
A kan hanyar zuwa wurin sulhu, Dzerzhinsky ya sake sa'a don yin nasarar tserewa. Da zarar ya je ƙasar waje, ya sami damar karanta labarai da yawa na jaridar Iskra, wanda aka buga tare da taimakon Vladimir Lenin. Abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin jaridar sun fi taimaka masa don ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa da haɓaka ayyukan juyi.
A cikin 1906, wani muhimmin abu ya faru a tarihin Felix Dzerzhinsky. Yayi sa'a ya sadu da Lenin. Ganawar tasu ta gudana ne a kasar Sweden. Ba da daɗewa ba aka karɓe shi cikin sahun RSDLP, a matsayin wakilin Poland da Lithuania.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, daga wannan lokacin har zuwa 1917 Dzerzhinsky an tsare shi sau 11, wanda ke ci gaba da bin ƙaura koyaushe. Koyaya, duk lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa ya ci gaba da ci gaba da tsunduma cikin ayyukan juyi.
Tarihin Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu na 1917 ya ba Felix damar samun babban matsayi a siyasa. Ya zama memba na kwamitin Moscow na Bolsheviks, inda ya yi kira ga mutane masu ra'ayi ɗaya zuwa boren makamai.
Lenin ya yaba da sha'awar Dzerzhinsky, ya ba shi wuri a cikin Cibiyar Juyin Juya Hali. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Felix ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya juyin juya halin Oktoba. Ya kamata a lura cewa Felix ya goyi bayan Leon Trotsky a ƙirƙirar Red Army.
Shugaban Cheka
A ƙarshen 1917, Bolsheviks sun yanke shawarar samo raungiyar Extasa ta Rasha don Yaki da juyin-juya-hali. Cheka wani yanki ne na "mulkin kama-karya na proletariat" wanda ya yaki masu adawa da gwamnatin yanzu.
A farko, hukumar ta kunshi "Chekists" 23 karkashin jagorancin Felix Dzerzhinsky. Sun fuskanci aikin yin gwagwarmaya da ayyukan masu tayar da kayar baya, tare da kare muradin ikon ma'aikata da talakawa.
Shugaban Cheka, mutumin ba kawai ya sami nasarar jimre wa ayyukansa kai tsaye ba, amma kuma ya yi abubuwa da yawa don karfafa sabon ikon da aka kafa. A karkashin jagorancinsa, sama da gadoji 2000, an sake dawo da locomotives kusan 2500 na tururi har zuwa 10,000 na layin dogo.
A lokaci guda, Dzerzhinsky ya sa ido kan halin da ake ciki a Siberia, wanda a lokacin 1919 ya kasance yankin hatsi mafi inganci. Ya karɓi ikon siyan abinci, albarkacin abin da aka ba da kimanin burodin miliyan 40 da tan miliyan 3.5 na nama zuwa biranen da ke cikin yunwa.
Bugu da kari, Felix Edmundovich an lura da shi saboda muhimman nasarorin da aka samu a fannin likitanci. Ya taimaka wa likitoci su yaƙi typhus a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar wadata su da magungunan da suke buƙata koyaushe. Ya kuma nemi a rage yawan yaran da ke gararamba a kan titi, yana mai da su "mutanen kirki".
Dzerzhinsky ya shugabanci hukumar yara, wanda ya taimaka wajen gina ɗaruruwan garuruwa da wuraren kwana. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, galibi irin waɗannan cibiyoyin ana canza su daga gidajen ƙasa ko kadarorin da aka karɓa daga mawadata.
A cikin 1922, yayin da yake ci gaba da jagorantar Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky ya shugabanci Babban Daraktan Siyasa a ƙarƙashin NKVD. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka halarci ci gaban Sabuwar Manufar Tattalin Arziki (NEP). Tare da sallamawarsa, al'ummomin hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni suka fara budewa a cikin jihar, wadanda suka bunkasa tare da tallafin masu saka jari na kasashen waje.
Bayan wasu shekaru, Dzerzhinsky ya zama shugaban Tattalin Arzikin Kasa na Tarayyar Soviet. A wannan matsayin, ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da yawa, yana mai bayar da shawarar a bunkasa kasuwancin masu zaman kansu, tare da kasancewa cikin himma wajen ci gaban masana'antar karafa a jihar.
"Iron Felix" ya yi kira da a sauya tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Soviet gaba daya, yana tsoron cewa a nan gaba wani mai kama-karya wanda zai "binne" duk nasarorin da aka samu a juyin juya halin kasar.
A sakamakon haka, “mashaya jini” Dzerzhinsky ya shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin ma’aikaci mara gajiyawa. Ya kamata a lura cewa bai kasance mai saurin wadatar zuci ba, son kai da ribar rashin gaskiya. Mutanen zamaninsa sun tuna shi a matsayin mutum mara lalacewa kuma mai ma'ana wanda koyaushe yake cimma burin sa.
Rayuwar mutum
Soyayyar Felix Edmundovich ita ce budurwa mai suna Margarita Nikolaeva. Ya sadu da ita a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a lardin Vyatka. Margarita ta jawo hankalin mutumin tare da ra'ayinta na neman sauyi.
Koyaya, alaƙar su ba ta haifar da bikin aure ba. Bayan tserewa, Dzerzhinsky ya yi rubutu da yarinyar har zuwa 1899, bayan haka ya nemi ta daina sadarwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sabon ƙaunar Felix - Julia Goldman mai neman sauyi.
Wannan soyayyar ba ta daɗe ba, tun da Julia ta mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka a cikin 1904. Shekaru 6 bayan haka, Felix ya haɗu da matar da zai aura nan gaba, Sofia Mushkat, ita ma ta kasance mai neman sauyi. Bayan watanni da yawa, samarin sun yi aure, amma farin cikin danginsu bai daɗe ba.
An tsare matar Dzerzhinsky kuma aka tura ta kurkuku, inda a cikin 1911 aka haifi ɗanta Yan. A shekara mai zuwa, an tura ta zuwa zaman dindindin a Siberia, daga inda ta sami damar gudu zuwa kasashen waje tare da fasfo na jabu.
Felix da Sophia sun sake ganin juna bayan shekaru 6. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, dangin Dzerzhinsky sun zauna a Kremlin, inda ma'auratan suka zauna har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.
Mutuwa
Felix Dzerzhinsky ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yulin 1926 a gaban taron kwamitin tsakiya yana da shekara 48. Bayan ya gabatar da jawabi na awanni 2 inda ya caccaki Georgy Pyatakov da Lev Kamenev, sai ya ji ba dadi. Dalilin mutuwarsa ya kasance bugun zuciya.
Hotunan Dzerzhinsky
