Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - Marubucin Faransa, masanin falsafa, malami kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya kafa "Encyclopedia, ko kuma Bayani na Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da kere-kere." Baƙon memba mai girmamawa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Diderot, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Denis Diderot.
Tarihin rayuwar Diderot
An haifi Denis Diderot a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1713 a garin Langres na Faransa. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dan gidan mai jiran gado Didier Diderot da matarsa Angelica Wigneron. Baya ga Denis, iyayensa suna da karin yara 5, biyu daga cikinsu sun mutu a matsayin ƙananan yara.
Yara da samari
Tuni a cikin ƙuruciya, Diderot ya fara nuna ƙwarewar kwarewa don nazarin ilimin kimiyya daban-daban. Iyayen sun so ɗansu ya haɗa rayuwarsa da cocin.
Lokacin da Denis yake kimanin shekara 13, ya fara karatu a Katolika na Lyceum, wanda ke koyar da limamai masu zuwa. Daga baya ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Jesuit da ke Langres, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Falsafa.
Bayan haka, Denis Diderot ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin 'Arcourt a Jami'ar Paris. Tun yana ɗan shekara 22, ya ƙi shiga malamai, yana yanke shawarar yin karatun lauya. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba ya daina sha'awar karatun shari'a.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Diderot ya so ya zama marubuci kuma mai fassara. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, saboda ƙin karɓar ɗayan sana'o'in da aka koya, mahaifinsa ya ƙi shi. A shekara ta 1749 Denis daga ƙarshe ya kasance cikin damuwa da addini.
Wataƙila wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙaunatacciyar 'yar'uwarsa Angelica, wacce ta zama zuhudu, ta mutu saboda aiki fiye da kima yayin hidimar Allah a cikin haikalin.
Littattafai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo
A farkon shekarun 40, Denis Diderot ya shiga aikin fassara ayyukan Turanci zuwa Faransanci. A shekarar 1746 ya fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Falsafar Tunani. A ciki, marubucin ya tattauna sulhu da hankali tare da ji.
Denis ya kammala da cewa ba tare da horo ba, jin halakarwa, yayin da ake buƙatar dalili don sarrafawa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa shi mai goyon bayan deism ne - yanayin addini da falsafa wanda ya yarda da wanzuwar Allah da halittar duniya da shi, amma ya musanta mafi yawan al'amuran allahntaka da sihiri, wahayi na Allahntaka da kuma koyarwar addinin.
Sakamakon haka, a cikin wannan aikin, Diderot ya kawo ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke sukar rashin yarda da Allah da Kiristanci na gargajiya. Ra'ayoyinsa na addini sun fi kyau a cikin littafin Tafiyar Tsarkakkiya (1747).
Wannan yarjejeniya kamar tattaunawa ce tsakanin maras yarda, wanda bai yarda da Allah ba da kuma mai bautar Allah game da yanayin allahntakar. Kowane ɗayan mahalarta tattaunawar yana ba da fa'idodi da raunin kansa, bisa ga wasu hujjoji. Koyaya, The Skeptic's Walk ba a buga shi ba sai 1830.
Hukumomin sun gargadi Denis Diderot cewa idan ya fara rarraba wannan littafin "yan bidi'a", za su tura shi gidan yari, kuma za a kona dukkan rubutun da aka yi a kan gungumen. duk da haka masanin falsafar ya kasance a kurkuku, amma ba don "Walk" ba, amma saboda aikinsa "Wasikar Makafi Ga Waɗanda Suke Iya Gani."
Diderot yana cikin kurkuku shi kadai na kimanin watanni 5. A lokacin wannan tarihin rayuwarsa, ya bincika Aljanna Lost na John Milton, yana yin rubutu a cikin kewayen. Bayan fitowar sa, ya sake yin rubutu.
Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa a cikin ra'ayinsa na siyasa, Denis ya bi ka'idar wayewar kai da wayewa. Kamar Voltaire, yana da shakku game da mashahurin talakawa, waɗanda, a ra'ayinsa, sun kasa magance manyan matsalolin siyasa da ɗabi'a. Ya kira masarauta mafi kyawun tsari na gwamnati. A lokaci guda, sarki ya zama tilas ya mallaki dukkan ilimin kimiyya da falsafa.
A cikin 1750, an ba Diderot mukamin edita na ingantaccen littafin ambaton Faransanci na Haskakawa - "Encyclopedia, ko kuma Bayani na Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da kere-kere." Tsawon shekaru 16 yana aiki a kan kundin sani, ya zama marubucin labarai da dama na tattalin arziki, falsafa, siyasa da addini.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce tare da Denis, irin waɗannan mashahuran malamai kamar Voltaire, Jean Leron d'Alembert, Paul Henri Holbach, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau da sauransu sun yi aiki a kan rubuta wannan aikin. 28 daga cikin mujalladai 35 na Encyclopedia an shirya Diderot.
Yin aiki tare da mai wallafa André le Breton ya ƙare saboda gaskiyar cewa, ba tare da izinin Denis ba, ya kawar da tunanin "haɗari" a cikin labarai. Falsafa ya yi fushi da abin da Breton ya yi, yana yanke shawarar barin wannan babban aikin.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tarihin rayuwar Diderot ya fara ba da hankali sosai ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fara rubuta wasan kwaikwayo wanda a koyaushe yake taɓa alaƙar dangi.
Misali, a cikin wasan kwaikwayon "Dan halal" (1757), marubucin ya yi waiwaye game da matsalar 'ya'yan da ba na doka ba, kuma a cikin "Uba na Iyali" (1758), ya tattauna batun zaɓar matar ne bisa umarnin zuciya, kuma ba a kan nacewar uba ba.
A wancan zamanin, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasu kashi biyu (masifa) da ƙananan (mai ban dariya). Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ya kafa sabon nau'in fasaha mai ban mamaki, yana kiranta - "nau'ikan mahimmanci." Wannan nau'in yana nufin gicciye tsakanin bala'i da ban dariya, wanda daga baya aka fara kiransa - wasan kwaikwayo.
Baya ga rubuce-rubucen falsafa, wasannin kwaikwayo da littattafai kan zane-zane, Denis Diderot ya wallafa ayyukan fasaha da yawa. Mafi shahararrun mutane sune littafin "Jacques the Fatalist and the Master", tattaunawar "Dan uwan Rameau" da kuma labarin "The Nun".
A cikin shekarun da ya gabata game da tarihin rayuwarsa, Diderot ya zama marubucin aphorisms da yawa, gami da:
- "Mutum yakan daina tunani idan ya daina karantawa."
- "Karka shiga bayani in kana son a fahimce ka."
- "Oftenauna yakan ɓata tunanin wanda yake da ita, ya kuma ba da ita ga waɗanda ba su da ita."
- "Duk inda kuka tsinci kanku, mutane koyaushe ba zasu zama wawaye kamar ku ba."
- "Rayuwar mugaye tana cike da damuwa," da dai sauransu.
Tarihin Diderot yana da alaƙa da Rasha, ko kuma tare da Catherine II. Lokacin da matar sarki ta sami labarin wahalar Bafaranshen, sai tayi tayin sayen laburaren nasa tare da sanya shi a matsayin mai sa ido tare da biyan albashi na shekara dubu 1000 na shekara. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Catherine ta biya malamin falsafa ci gaba na shekaru 25 na aiki a gaba.
A ƙarshen 1773, Denis Diderot ya isa Rasha, inda ya zauna na kimanin watanni 5. A wannan lokacin, sarauniyar tana magana da malamin Faransanci kusan kowace rana.
Suna yawan tattauna batutuwan siyasa. Ofayan mahimman batutuwan shine sauya Russia zuwa cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. A lokaci guda, matar tana da shakku game da dabarun Diderot. A cikin wasikar ta da jami'in diflomasiyyar Louis-Philippe Segur, ta rubuta cewa idan Rasha ta ci gaba bisa ga yanayin masanin falsafar, hargitsi na jiran sa.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin 1743 Denis ya fara neman yarinyar yarinya, Anne-Antoinette Champion. Da yake son ya aure ta, sai mutumin ya nemi albarkar mahaifinsa.
Koyaya, lokacin da Diderot Sr. ya sami labarin wannan, ba wai kawai bai ba da izininsa ga auren ba, amma ya sami "wasiƙa tare da hatimi" - kame ɗan nasa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an kama saurayin kuma an saka shi a cikin gidan sufi.
Bayan 'yan makonni, Denis ya sami damar tserewa daga gidan sufi. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an aurar da masoya a asirce a daya daga cikin majami’un Paris. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Diderot Sr. ya sami labarin wannan auren ne kawai bayan shekaru 6.
A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yara huɗu, uku daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna ƙuruciya. Mariya-Angelica ce kawai ta sami damar tsira, wacce daga baya ta zama ƙwararren mawaƙa. Denis Diderot da wuya a kira shi mutum mai misali na gari.
Mutumin ya sha damfarar matar sa da mata daban-daban, ciki har da marubuciya Madeleine de Puisier, diyar fitacciyar mawakiyar nan Faransa Jeannie-Catherine de Meaux kuma, ba shakka, Sophie Voldem. Sunan Volan na gaske Louise-Henrietta, yayin da Denis ya ba ta laƙabin "Sophie", wanda ya yaba da hankalinta da saurin fahimta.
Masoyan sun dace da juna kusan shekaru 30, har zuwa mutuwar Volan. Godiya ga yawan wasikun, ya bayyana karara cewa masanin falsafar ya aika sakonni 553 zuwa Sophie, wanda a cikinsu 187 sun wanzu har zuwa yau.
Mutuwa
Denis Diderot ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1784 yana da shekara 70. Dalilin mutuwarsa shi ne emphysema, cuta ce ta hanyoyin numfashi. An binne gawar mai tunanin a Cocin St. Roch.
Abin takaici, a tsakiyar shahararren juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789, duk kaburburan da ke cikin cocin sun lalace. A sakamakon haka, har yanzu masana ba su san ainihin wurin da ragowar malamin yake ba.
Hotunan Diderot