Da Kremlin na Moscow

A cikin tarihin tarihi na babban birni akwai sanannen tsarin gine-gine a Rasha - Moscow Kremlin. Babban fasalin haɗin gine-ginen shine haɓakar ƙarfinsa, wanda ya ƙunshi ganuwar a cikin hanyar alwatika tare da hasumiyoyi ashirin.

An gina katafaren ginin tsakanin 1485 da 1499 kuma ana kiyaye shi da kyau har zuwa yau. Sau da yawa ya zama abin misali ga irin wannan birus ɗin da ya bayyana a wasu biranen Rasha - Kazan, Tula, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, da sauransu. A cikin bangon Kremlin akwai gine-ginen addini da na mutane da yawa - babban coci, fadoji da gine-ginen mulki na zamani daban-daban. An saka Kremlin a cikin UNESCO a Duniya a cikin 1990. Tare da Red Square da ke kusa, wanda ke kan wannan jerin, Kremlin galibi ana ɗaukar shi babban jan hankali a Moscow.

Katolika na Kremlin na Moscow

Haɗin gine-ginen an kafa su ne ta hanyar haikalin guda uku, a tsakiyar akwai Asshed Cathedral... Tarihin babban coci ya fara a 1475. Shine mafi tsaran ginin da aka adana tsakanin duk ginin Kremlin.

Da farko, gini ya gudana ne a 1326-1327 karkashin jagorancin Ivan I. Bayan an kammala ginin, babban cocin ya zama cocin gida na Metropolitan na Moscow, wanda ya zauna a magabacin Fadar Shugabancin na yanzu.

A shekara ta 1472, babban cocin da ya lalace yanzu ya lalace, sannan kuma aka gina sabon gini a wurin. Koyaya, ta rushe a watan Mayu 1474, mai yiwuwa saboda girgizar ƙasa ko saboda kurakurai a cikin gini. Wani sabon yunƙuri na farkawa daga Grand Duke Ivan III yayi. A cikin wannan babban cocin ne aka gudanar da addu'o'i kafin mahimman kamfen, sarauta sun sami sarauta kuma an daga su zuwa matsayin kakanni.

Cathedral na Shugaban Mala'iku wanda aka keɓe wa Mala'ikan Mika'ilu, waliyin sarakunan Rasha, an gina shi a 1505 a kan cocin mai suna iri ɗaya a 1333. Aloisio Lamberti da Montignana dan asalin kasar Italia ne suka gina shi. Salon gine-ginen ya haɗu da tsoffin gine-ginen addinin Rasha na gargajiya da abubuwan Renaissance na Italiya.

Blagoveshchensky babban coci wanda yake a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na filin. A cikin 1291 aka gina coci na katako a nan, amma ƙarni ɗaya daga baya ya ƙone kuma aka maye gurbinsa da cocin dutse. Farin babban coci yana da dunkulen masara guda tara a kan facades kuma an tsara shi ne don bukukuwan iyali.

Lokacin aiki na babban coci: 10:00 zuwa 17:00 (an rufe ranar Alhamis). Tikiti guda don ziyarar zaikai 500 rubles na manya da 250 rubles na yara.

Fadoji da murabba'ai na Kremlin na Moscow

• Fadar Grand Kremlin - Waɗannan sune gine-ginen wakilai da yawa, waɗanda aka kirkira a ƙarni daban-daban kuma suka kasance gida ga manyan shuwagabannin Rasha da tsarswa, kuma a zamaninmu na shugabanni.
• Fadar Terem - gini mai hawa biyar, wanda aka kawata shi da ginshiƙan kayan adon zana da rufin kwanon rufi.

• Fadar Shugaban Kasa - ginin karni na 17, ya kiyaye fasalin gine-ginen da ba a saba da su ba a zamanin. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana gabatar da kayan ado, kyawawan kayan abinci, zane-zane, abubuwan farautar masarauta. Kyakkyawan iconostasis na gidan sufi na Ascension, wanda aka lalata a 1929, ya wanzu.
• Fadar Majalisar Dattawa - gini mai hawa uku da aka yi shi a farkon salon neoclassical. Da farko, yakamata fadar tayi aiki a matsayin gidan majalisar dattijai, amma a yanzun haka tana matsayin wakiliyar aiki ta shugaban Rasha.

Daga cikin shahararrun wurare a cikin Kremlin na Moscow, ya kamata a lura da waɗannan murabba'ai masu zuwa:

Hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin

Bangunan suna da tsayin mita 2235, mafi tsayinsu yakai mita 19, kuma kaurin ya kai mita 6.5.

Akwai hasumiya masu kariya guda 20 waɗanda suke kama da tsarin gine-gine. Hasumiyai kusurwa uku suna da tushe na silinda, sauran 17 suna murabba'i ne.

Trinity Tower shine mafi tsayi, yana tsayin mita 80.

Mafi ƙasƙanci - Hasumiyar Kutafya (Mita 13.5) wanda yake a waje da bango.

Hasumiya huɗu suna da ƙofofin shiga:

An ɗora saman waɗannan hasumiyoyin guda huɗu, waɗanda ake ɗauka da kyau musamman, an kawata su da taurarin jan jan jan yakutu na zamanin Soviet.

Agogon da ke jikin Hasumiyar Spasskaya ya fara bayyana a karni na 15, amma ya ƙone a 1656. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1706, babban birnin ya ji kararraki a karo na farko, wanda ya ba da sanarwar sabon sa'a. Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwa da yawa sun faru: an yi yaƙe-yaƙe, an sake suna da biranen, an canza manyan biranen, amma sanannun sarautu na Moscow Kremlin ya kasance babban tarihin Rasha.

Ivan Babban Bell

Hasumiyar kararrawa (tsayin mita 81) shine gini mafi tsayi a cikin taron Kremlin. An gina shi tsakanin 1505 da 1508 kuma har yanzu yana aiki da aikinsa na katolika uku waɗanda ba su da hasumiyar ƙararrawa na kansu - Arkhangelsk, Assumption and Annunciation.

A kusa da wurin akwai wani karamin coci na St. John, inda sunan hasumiyar kararrawa da filin suka fito. Ya wanzu har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16, sannan ya faɗi kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya ruɓe sosai.

Faceted Chamber

Facungiyar Faceted ita ce babban zauren liyafa na sarakunan Moscow; ita ce mafi tsufa da ke raye da rayuwar mutane a cikin birni. A halin yanzu babban zauren bikin ne na shugaban Rasha, don haka a rufe yake don balaguro.

Makamai da Asusun Diamond

An gina ɗakin ta hanyar umarnin Peter I don adana makaman da aka samu a yaƙe-yaƙe. Ginin ya ci gaba, farawa a cikin 1702 kuma ya ƙare ne kawai a cikin 1736 saboda matsalolin kuɗi. A cikin 1812 an busa ɗakin a cikin yaƙin Napoleon, an sake gina shi kawai a cikin 1828. Yanzu Makaman ajiye kayan tarihi ne, wanda za'a iya ziyarta kowace rana ta mako daga 10:00 zuwa 18:00, ban da Alhamis. Farashin tikiti na manya shine 700 rubles, don yara kyauta ne.

Anan ba kawai abubuwan da aka nuna na cinikin makamai ba, har ma da Asusun Diamond. The m nuni na Jihar Diamond Asusun farko bude a cikin Moscow Kremlin a 1967. Kayan ado na musamman da duwatsu masu daraja suna da mahimmanci a nan, yawancinsu an ƙwace su bayan Juyin juya halin Oktoba. Awanni na buɗewa - daga 10:00 zuwa 17:20 a kowace rana banda Alhamis. Don tikiti don manya zaku biya 500 rubles, don tikitin yara yana da tsada 100.

Lu'u lu'u lu'u-lu'u da ake nunawa sun cancanci kulawa ta musamman, saboda suna cikin shahararrun misalai na wannan mai daraja a duniya:

1. Lu'ulu'u "Orlov" a sandar sandar Katarina II.
2. Diamond "Shah", wanda Tsar Nicholas I ya karɓa a 1829 daga Farisa.

Muna baka shawara ka kalli Kolomna Kremlin.

10 abubuwan ban sha'awa game da Kremlin na Moscow

1. Ba shine kawai babban sansanin soja a Rasha ba, amma har ila yau shine mafi girman sansanin soja a duk Turai. Tabbas, akwai ƙarin irin waɗannan gine-ginen, amma Moscow Kremlin ita ce kawai wacce har yanzu ake amfani da ita.
2. Bangon Kremlin yayi fari. Ganuwar ta sami jan bulo a ƙarshen karni na 19. Don ganin Fadar Kremlin, nemi ayyukan ta masu zane-zane na ƙarni na 18 ko 19 kamar Pyotr Vereshchagin ko Alexei Savrasov.
3. Red Square ba shi da alaƙa da ja. Sunan ya fito ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Rasha don "ja", wanda ke nufin kyakkyawa, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da launin gine-ginen da a yanzu muka san fari ne har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.
4. Taurarin Fadar Kremlin sun kasance gaggafa. A lokacin Tsarist Russia, hasumiyai huɗu na Kremlin an yi masu kambi da mikiya masu kai biyu, waɗanda suka kasance rigunan Rasha tun ƙarni na 15. A cikin 1935, gwamnatin Soviet ta maye gurbin gaggafa, waɗanda aka narkar da su kuma aka maye gurbinsu da taurari masu haske biyar da muke gani a yau. An kara tauraro na biyar akan Hasumiyar Vodovzvodnaya daga baya.
5. Hasumiyar Kremlin suna da sunaye. Daga cikin hasumiyoyin Kremlin 20, biyu ne kawai ba su da sunayensu.
6. An gina Kremlin da yawa. Bayan katangar Kremlin mai tsawon mita 2235 akwai murabba'ai 5 da gine-gine 18, daga cikinsu wadanda suka fi shahara su ne Hasumiyar Spasskaya, Ivan da Babban Hasumiyar Bell, da Asshed Cathedral, da Trinity Tower da Fadar Terem.
7. Kremlin na Moscow kusan a lalace yake a yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin yakin, Kremlin ya kasance a cikin tsari don yin kama da ginin gini. Gidajen cocin da sanannun hasumiya masu launin shuɗi da launin ruwan kasa, bi da bi, ƙofofi da tagogi na jabu suna haɗe da bangon Kremlin, kuma Red Square an ɗora shi da kayan katako.
8. Kremlin yana cikin littafin Guinness of Records. A cikin Kremlin na Moscow, kuna iya ganin kararrawa mafi girma a duniya da kuma igwa mafi girma a duniya. A cikin 1735, an yi kararrawa mai tsawon mita 6.14 daga yin simintin karfe, Tsar Cannon mai nauyin 39.312 tan ya ɓace a cikin 1586 kuma ba a taɓa amfani da shi a cikin yaƙin ba.
9. Taurarin Kremlin koyaushe suna haskakawa. A cikin shekaru 80 da wanzuwarsa, sau biyu kawai aka kashe hasken taurarin Kremlin. Lokaci na farko shine lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II lokacin da aka ɓoye Kremlin don ɓoye shi daga masu jefa bam. A karo na biyu da aka kashe su don fim ɗin. Daraktan da ya lashe Oscar Nikita Mikhalkov ne ya dauki hoton fim din ga Siberian Barber.
10. Agogon Kremlin yana da sirri mai zurfi. Asirin daidaito na agogon Kremlin a zahiri yana ƙasan ƙafafunmu. An haɗa agogo da agogo mai sarrafawa a Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin Samaniya ta Sternberg ta hanyar kebul.

Kalli bidiyon: Paris 4K - Skyscraper District Drive - La Defense (Nuwamba 2024).