Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) - jagoran Yakin Samun ‘Yanci na Amurka, daya daga cikin marubutan sanarwar‘ yanci, Shugaban Amurka na 3 (1801-1809), daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa wannan jihar, fitaccen dan siyasa, jami’in diflomasiyya kuma mai tunani.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a tarihin rayuwar Jefferson, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin Thomas Jefferson.
Tarihin Jefferson
An haifi Thomas Jefferson a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1743 a garin Shadwell, Virginia, wanda a lokacin yana karkashin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya.
Ya girma a cikin dangi mai arziki na mai tsire Peter Jefferson da matarsa Jane Randolph. Shi ne na uku cikin yara 8 na iyayensa.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da shugaban Amurka na gaba yake dan shekara 9, ya fara zuwa makarantar malamin addini William Douglas, inda ake koyar da yara Latin, Girkanci na da da Faransanci. Bayan shekaru 5, mahaifinsa ya rasu, wanda saurayin ya gaji kadada dubu biyar da bayi da yawa.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1758-1760. Jefferson ya halarci makarantar Ikklesiya. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin William da Mary, inda ya karanci ilimin falsafa da lissafi.
Thomas ya karanta ayyukan Ishaku Newton, John Locke da Francis Bacon, yana la'akari da su manyan mutane a tarihin ɗan adam. Kari akan haka, ya nuna sha'awar adabi na d literature a, wanda aikin Tacitus da Homer suka kwashe. A lokaci guda ya kware da kidan goge.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Thomas Jefferson memba ne na ƙungiyar ɗaliban ɓoye "The Flat Hat Club". Sau da yawa yakan ziyarci gidan Gwamnan Virginia, Francis Fauquier. A can ya buga goge a gaban baƙi kuma ya sami ilimin farko na giya, wanda daga baya ya fara tattara shi.
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Thomas ya kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji tare da mafi girman maki kuma ya yi karatun lauya, ya sami lasisin lauya a 1767.
Siyasa
Bayan shekaru 2 a matsayin lauya, Jefferson ya zama memba na Virginia Chamber of Burgers. A shekarar 1774, bayan sanya hannu kan Dokokin da ba za a iya jurewa da su ba na Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya dangane da mulkin mallaka, ya wallafa wani sako ga 'yan kasarsa - "Janar Survey na Hakkin Burtaniya na Amurka", inda ya bayyana burin da kasashen suka yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Thomas ya fito fili ya soki ayyukan jami'an Burtaniya, wanda ya haifar da juyayi tsakanin Amurkawa. Tun kafin ɓarkewar Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali a cikin 1775, an zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar inasashe.
A tsakanin shekaru 2, "Ci gaban Sanarwar 'Yanci" ya ɓullo, wanda aka zartar a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776 - ranar asalin hukuma ta ƙasar Amurka. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an zabi Thomas Jefferson a matsayin Gwamnan Virginia. A farkon 1780s, yayi aiki akan Bayanan kula akan Jihar Virginia.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce don rubuta wannan aikin, an ba Thomas lambar yabo na masanin kimiyyar encyclopedic. A cikin 1785 an ba shi amanar jakadan Amurka a Faransa. A wannan lokacin tarihin rayuwar, ya rayu a kan Champs Elysees kuma ya more iko a cikin jama'a.
A lokaci guda, Jefferson ya ci gaba da inganta dokar Amurka. Ya yi wasu gyare-gyare ga Tsarin Mulki da Dokar 'Yanci. Tsawon shekaru 4 da yayi a Paris, yayi ƙoƙari sosai don kafa da haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin jihohin biyu.
Bayan dawowarsa gida, an nada Thomas Jefferson a mukamin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, don haka ya zama mutum na farko da ya fara wannan muƙamin.
Daga baya, dan siyasar, tare da James Madison, sun kafa Jam’iyyar Demokradiyyar Republican don adawa da tsarin tarayya.
Sanarwar Samun 'Yanci
Bayanin 'Yancin ya sami izini daga maza 5: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman da Robert Livingston. A lokaci guda, a jajibirin buga wannan daftarin aiki, Thomas da kansa ya yi wasu gyare-gyare na fiye da makonni biyu.
Bayan haka, marubuta biyar da wakilan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa 13 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar. Kashi na farko na takaddun ya ƙunshi shahararrun mutane uku - haƙƙin rayuwa, 'yanci da dukiya.
A sauran sassan biyu, an tabbatar da ikon mallaka. Bugu da kari, Biritaniya ba ta da 'yancin tsoma baki a cikin harkokin cikin gida na jihar, ta amince da' yancinta. Abin mamaki, Sanarwar ita ce takaddar hukuma ta farko wacce aka kira yan mulkin mallaka "Amurka ta Amurka".
Ra'ayin Siyasa
Thomas Jefferson da farko yayi magana mara kyau game da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na farko, saboda bai fayyace yawan wa'adin shugaban kasa ga mutum daya ba.
Dangane da wannan, shugaban ƙasa ya zama cikakken sarki. Hakanan, ɗan siyasan ya ga haɗari ga ci gaban manyan masana'antu. Ya yi amannar cewa mabuɗin tattalin arziƙi shine al'umma ta al'ummomin manoma masu zaman kansu.
Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya ba shi damar yanci kawai, amma kuma yana da hakkin ya bayyana ra'ayinsa. Hakanan, yakamata ‘yan ƙasa su sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, tunda ya zama dole domin ci gaban ƙasa.
Jefferson ya dage cewa cocin bai kamata ya tsoma baki a cikin al'amuran jihar ba, amma zai yi aiki ne kawai da nasa. Daga baya, zai buga hangen nesan sa na Sabon Alkawari, wanda za'a gabatar dashi ga shuwagabannin Amurka sama da karni mai zuwa.
Thomas ya soki gwamnatin tarayya. Madadin haka, ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin kowace jiha ta sami 'yanci daga dangi daga gwamnatin tsakiya.
Shugaban U.S.A
Kafin ya zama shugaban kasar Amurka, Thomas Jefferson ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasar na tsawon shekaru 4. Bayan zama sabon shugaban kasa a shekarar 1801, ya fara aiwatar da wasu muhimman gyare-gyare.
Da umarninsa, an ƙirƙiri tsarin jam'iyyar polar 2 na Majalisar, kuma an rage yawan sojojin ƙasa, na ruwa da jami'ai. Jefferson ya ci gaba da sanar da ginshiƙai 4 na ci gaban tattalin arziki mai nasara, gami da manoma, 'yan kasuwa, masana'antar haske da jigilar kayayyaki.
A cikin 1803, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sayen Amurka ta Louisiana daga Faransa kan dala miliyan 15. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa a halin yanzu akwai jihohi 15 a cikin wannan yankin. Siyan Louisiana na ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarori a tarihin siyasar Thomas Jefferson.
A lokacin wa'adin shugaban kasa na biyu, shugaban kasar ya kulla huldar jakadanci da Rasha. A shekarar 1807, ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta hana shigo da bayi zuwa Amurka ta Amurka.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Jefferson kawai ita ce dan uwansa na biyu Martha Veils Skelton. Ya kamata a lura cewa matarsa ta yi magana da harsuna da yawa, kuma tana da sha'awar raira waƙa, waƙoƙi da kuma wasan piano.
A wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da yara 6, hudu daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna kanana. A sakamakon haka, ma'auratan sun haɓaka 'ya'ya mata biyu - Martha da Maryamu. Masoyin Thomas ya mutu a 1782, jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe.
A jajibirin mutuwar Martha, Thomas ya yi mata alƙawarin cewa ba zai ƙara aure ba, bayan ya sami nasarar cika alkawarinsa. Koyaya, yayin aiki a Faransa, ya haɓaka abota da wata yarinya mai suna Maria Cosway.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa mutumin ya yi rubutu da ita har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Bugu da kari, a cikin Paris, yana da kusanci da baiwar Sally Hemings, wacce ta kasance 'yar'uwar' yar'uwar marigayi matarsa.
Yana da kyau a ce yayin da take Faransa, Sally na iya zuwa ga ’yan sanda ta sami’ yanci, amma ba ta yi hakan ba. Masu tarihin rayuwar Jefferson sun ba da shawarar cewa daga nan ne soyayya ta fara tsakanin "maigida da bawa".
A cikin 1998, an gudanar da gwajin DNA wanda ke nuna cewa Aston Hemings dan Thomas Jefferson ne. Bayan haka, a bayyane yake, sauran yaran Sally Hemins: Harriet, Beverly, Harriet da Madison, su ma 'ya'yansa ne. Amma wannan batun har yanzu yana haifar da rikici mai yawa.
Mutuwa
Jefferson ya kai babban matsayi ba kawai a cikin siyasa ba, har ma a cikin gine-gine, ƙira da ƙera kayan daki. Akwai littattafai kusan 6,500 a cikin laburaren kansa!
Thomas Jefferson ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 1826, a bikin cika shekaru 50 da fara aiwatar da sanarwar ‘Yancin kai. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana da shekaru 83. Ana iya ganin hotonsa a kan takardar kuɗi ta dala 2 da kuma tsabar cent 5.
Hotunan Jefferson
