Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002) - Bajakolin tarihin kasa, matafiyi kuma marubuci. Mai binciken al'adu da asalin al'ummomin duniya daban-daban: Polynesia, Indiyawa da mazaunan tsibirin Easter. Ya yi wasu tafiye-tafiye masu haɗari a kan abubuwan tsohuwar jirgi.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Thor Heyerdahl, wanda zamu gaya game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Heyerdahl.
Tarihin rayuwar Thor Heyerdahl
Thor Heyerdahl an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1914 a garin Larvik na ƙasar Norway. Ya girma ne a gidan maigidan giya Thor Heyerdahl da matarsa Alison, waɗanda ke aiki a gidan kayan tarihin ɗan adam.
Yara da samari
Tun yana yaro, yawon bude ido ya san ka'idar juyin halittar Darwin sosai kuma ya nuna matukar sha'awar ilimin dabbobi. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a gidansa har ma ya kirkiro wani gidan kayan gargajiya, inda maciji ya kasance babban abin nunawa.
Abin lura ne cewa yaron ya firgita da ruwa, tunda ya kusan nutsuwa sau biyu. Heyerdahl ya yarda cewa idan a ƙuruciyarsa wani ya gaya masa cewa zai yi iyo a cikin teku a cikin kwalekwale na wucin gadi, da zai ɗauki irin wannan mutumin mahaukaci.
Yawon shakatawa ya sami damar shawo kan tsoronsa yana da shekara 22. Wannan ya faru ne bayan faduwarsa da gangan cikin kogin, wanda daga shi har yanzu ya samu damar iyo a gabar ruwa.
A cikin 1933, Heyerdahl ya sami nasarar cin jarabawa a jami'ar babban birnin, yana zaɓar sashen ɓangaren yanayin ƙasa. A nan ne ya fara zurfafa nazarin tarihi da al'adun mutanen da.
Tafiya
Yayin karatu a jami'a, Tour ya sadu da matafiyin Bjorn Krepelin, wanda ya ɗan zauna a Tahiti. Yana da babban laburare da tarin abubuwa da aka kawo daga Polynesia. Godiya ga wannan, Heyerdahl ya sami damar sake karanta litattafai da yawa da suka shafi tarihi da al'adun yankin.
Yayinda yake dalibi, Yawon shakatawa ya shiga cikin aikin da nufin bincika da ziyartar tsibirin Polynesia mai nisa. Dole ne membobin balaguron su gano yadda dabbobi na zamani suka sami kansu a wurin.
A cikin 1937, Heyerdahl ya yi tafiya tare da ƙaramar matarsa zuwa Tsibirin Marquesas. Ma'auratan sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika, sun ratsa ta Hanyar Panama kuma bayan sun wuce ta Tekun Pasifik sun isa bakin tekun Tahiti.
Anan matafiya suka sauka a gidan basaraken yankin, wanda ya koya musu dabarun rayuwa a muhallin. Bayan kamar wata guda, sabbin angwayen sun koma tsibirin Fatu Hiva, inda suka zauna na kimanin shekara guda daga wayewa.
Da farko dai, basu da shakkun cewa zasu iya rayuwa cikin daji na dogon lokaci. Amma bayan lokaci, marurai na jini sun fara bayyana a ƙafafun ma'aurata. Abin farin cikin, a wani tsibiri da ke makwabtaka, sun sami damar neman likita wanda ya ba su taimakon likita.
Abubuwan da suka faru tare da Thor Heyerdahl a tsibirin Marquesas an bayyana su a cikin littafin tarihin kansa na farko mai suna "In Search of Paradise", wanda aka buga a 1938. Sannan ya tafi Kanada don nazarin rayuwar ofan ƙasar Indiya. A cikin wannan ƙasar an samo shi ta Yakin Duniya na Biyu (1939-1945).
Heyerdahl yana cikin na farko da ya ba da kai don gaba. A Burtaniya, ya sami horo a matsayin mai aikin rediyo, bayan haka ya shiga tare da sojojin kawance wajen yakar 'yan Nazi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa ya tashi zuwa mukamin Laftana.
Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Tour ya ci gaba da tsunduma cikin ayyukan kimiyya, bayan da ya yi nazarin adadi da yawa na takardu daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, ya zaci cewa mutane daga Amurka ne suka zaunar da cutar ta Polynesia, kuma ba daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, kamar yadda aka zata a baya.
Yeraƙƙarfan tunanin Heyerdahl ya jawo suka da yawa a cikin al'umma. Don tabbatar da shari'arsa, mutumin ya yanke shawarar tara balaguro. Tare da matafiya 5, ya tafi Peru.
Anan mutanen suka gina katako, suna kiranta "Kon-Tiki". Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa sun yi amfani da waɗancan kayan da ke akwai kawai ga mutanen "tsoffin". Bayan haka, sun tafi Tekun Pasifik kuma bayan kwana 101 suna tafiya zuwa Tsibirin Tuamotu. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a wannan lokacin sun rufe kusan kilomita 8000 akan raƙuman jirgin!
Don haka, Thor Heyerdahl da mukarrabansa sun tabbatar da cewa a kan ƙaramin katako, ta amfani da Humboldt na yanzu da iska, yana da sauƙi a ƙetare teku da sauka a tsibirin Polynesia.
Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da Heyerdahl ya ce kuma kakannin Polynesia suka yi, kamar yadda aka ambata a rubuce-rubucen waɗanda suka ci nasara a Spain. Dan kasar Norway din ya bayyana tafiyar tasa a cikin littafin "Kon-Tiki", wanda aka fassara shi zuwa harsuna 66 na duniya.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1955-1956. Yawon shakatawa ya bincika tsibirin Easter. A can ya, tare da gogaggun masu binciken ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, suka gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwaje masu alaƙa da jan kafa da girka mutum-mutumi. Mutumin ya raba sakamakon aikin da aka yi a cikin littafin "Aku-Aku", wanda aka sayar cikin miliyoyin kofe.
A shekarar 1969-1970. Heyerdahl ya gina kwale-kwalen papyrus guda 2 domin tsallaka tekun Atlantika. A wannan lokacin ya nemi tabbatar da cewa masu jirgin ruwa na dā za su iya yin ƙetare a kan jiragen ruwa, ta amfani da Canary Current don wannan.
Jirgi na farko, mai suna "Ra", an yi shi ne daga hotuna da sifofin tsoffin kwale-kwalen Masarawa, ya tashi zuwa Tekun Atlantika daga Maroko. Koyaya, saboda yawan kurakurai na fasaha, "Ra" ba da daɗewa ba ya rabu.
Bayan haka, an gina sabon jirgi - "Ra-2", wanda ke da ingantaccen ƙira. Sakamakon haka, Thur Heyerdahl ya sami nasarar isa bakin tekun Barbados kuma ta haka ya tabbatar da gaskiyar maganarsa.
A lokacin bazara na 1978, matafiya sun kona jirgin ruwa mai suna Tigris don nuna rashin amincewa da yakin da ake yi a yankin Bahar Maliya. Ta wannan hanyar, Heyerdahl yayi ƙoƙari ya jawo hankalin shugabannin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran 'yan adam zuwa ga gaskiyar cewa wayewar mu na iya ƙonewa ta tafi ƙasan kamar wannan jirgin ruwan.
Daga baya, matafiyin ya ɗauki karatun tuddai da aka samu a cikin Maldives. Ya gano harsashin ginin tsoffin gine-gine, da kuma mutum-mutumin na matuƙan jirgin ruwa masu gemu. Ya bayyana bincikensa a cikin The Maldives Mystery.
A cikin 1991, Thor Heyerdahl yayi nazarin pyramids na Guimar a tsibirin Tenerife, yana mai iƙirarin cewa lallai su dala ne ba wai tarkace kawai ba. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a zamanin da, tsibirin Canary na iya kasancewa tashar tsayi tsakanin Amurka da Bahar Rum.
A farkon sabuwar karni, Yawon shakatawa ya tafi Rasha. Yayi ƙoƙari ya sami shaidar cewa 'yan ƙasar sa sun zo yankin ƙasar Norway ta zamani, daga gabar Azov. Ya bincika tsoffin taswirori da almara, sannan kuma ya shiga aikin haƙa kayan tarihi.
Heyerdahl ba shi da wata shakka cewa za a iya gano asalin Scandinavia a cikin Azerbaijan ta zamani, inda ya yi tafiya fiye da sau ɗaya. A nan ya yi nazarin sassaƙaƙƙun duwatsu kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya samo kayan tarihi na dā, yana mai tabbatar da tunaninsa.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar farko ta Tour ita ce masanin tattalin arziki Liv Cusheron-Thorpe, wanda ya sadu da shi lokacin karatunsa. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da yara maza guda biyu - Tour da Bjorn.
Da farko dai, akwai cikakken idyll tsakanin ma'aurata, amma daga baya hankalinsu ya fara sanyi. Dangantakar Heyerdahl da Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen ta haifar da saki na ƙarshe daga Tour daga Liv.
Bayan haka, mutumin a hukumance ya halatta dangantakarsa da Yvonne, wacce ta haifi 'yan mata uku - Anette, Marian da Helen Elizabeth. Abin mamaki ne cewa matarsa ta bi mijinta sau da yawa. Koyaya, a cikin 1969 wannan auren ya rabu.
A cikin 1991, Heyerdahl mai shekaru 77 ya sake hawa kan hanya a karo na uku. Matarsa ta zama Jacqueline Bier mai shekaru 59, wanda a wani lokaci ita ce Miss France 1954. Matafiyin ya kasance tare da ita har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa.
A cikin 1999, 'yan uwan Tour sun yarda da shi a matsayin sanannen ɗan Yaren mutanen Norway na ƙarni na 20. Ya karɓi kyaututtuka daban-daban da manyan digiri 11 daga jami'o'in Amurka da Turai.
Mutuwa
Thor Heyerdahl ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2002 yana da shekara 87. Dalilin mutuwarsa shine ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa. Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa, ya ƙi shan magani da abinci.
Hotunan Heyerdahl
