Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke na zu Lauenburg (1815-1898) - shugabar gwamnatin Jamus ta farko, wacce ta aiwatar da shirin hadewar Jamus tare da karamar hanyar Jamusawa.
Bayan yayi ritaya, ya karɓi taken Duke na Lauenburg wanda ba gadonsa ba da kuma matsayin Kanar Janar na Prussia tare da matsayin Field Marshal.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Bismarck, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Otto von Bismarck ne.
Tarihin Bismarck
An haifi Otto von Bismarck a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1815 a lardin Brandenburg. Ya kasance daga dangin dangi, wadanda, kodayake suna da daraja, ba za su iya yin alfahari da wadata da mallakar ƙasa ba.
Shugabar gwamnati ta gaba ta girma ne a cikin gidan mai mallakar Ferdinand von Bismarck da matarsa Wilhelma Mencken. Yana da kyau a lura cewa mahaifin ya girmi mahaifiyarsa shekaru 18. Baya ga Otto, an haifi wasu yara 5 a cikin dangin Bismarck, uku daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna yara.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Bismarck bai cika shekara 1 da haihuwa ba, shi da danginsa suka koma Pomerania. Yaransa yana da wuya a kira shi mai farin ciki, tunda mahaifinsa yakan sha duka da wulakanta ɗansa. A lokaci guda, alaƙar da ke tsakanin iyayen ma ba ta da kyau.
Saurayi kuma mai ilimi Wilhelma bai sami sha'awar yin magana da mijinta ba, wanda ɗan ƙauye ne. Bugu da kari, yarinyar ba ta mai da hankali sosai ga yara ba, sakamakon Otto ba ta jin kaunar uwa. A cewar Bismarck, ya ji kamar baƙo a cikin dangin.
Lokacin da yaron yana ɗan shekara 7, an tura shi karatu a makarantar da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban jiki. Koyaya, karatun bai bashi wani ni'ima ba, game da abin da yake ta kai ƙara ga iyayensa. Bayan shekara 5, ya ci gaba da samun karatunsa a dakin motsa jiki, inda ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru 3.
Yana dan shekara 15, Otto von Bismarck ya koma wani dakin motsa jiki, inda ya nuna matsakaicin matakin ilimi. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya iya Faransanci da Jamusanci, yana mai da hankali sosai ga karatun tsofaffi.
A lokaci guda, Bismarck yana son siyasa da tarihin duniya. Daga baya ya shiga jami'a, inda bai yi karatu sosai ba.
Ya yi abokai da yawa, waɗanda tare da su mun yi rayuwa mai daɗi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ya shiga cikin duels 27, wanda a ciki aka yi masa rauni sau ɗaya kawai.
Daga baya Otto ya kare rubutunsa a falsafa a fagen tattalin arzikin siyasa. Bayan haka, ya kasance cikin ayyukan diflomasiyya na wani lokaci.
Ayyuka da aikin soja
A cikin 1837 Bismarck ya tafi yin aiki a bataliyar Greifswald. Bayan shekaru 2, an sanar dashi game da mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. Shi da ɗan'uwansa ba da daɗewa ba suka karɓi ragamar kula da gidajen iyayensu.
Duk da zafin ran sa, Otto ya yi kaurin suna wajen kirgawa da kuma iya mallakar fili. Daga shekarar 1846 ya yi aiki a ofishi, inda ya tsunduma cikin kula da madatsun ruwa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ya ɗauki kansa mai imani, yana bin koyarwar Lutheranism.
Kowace safiya, Bismarck yana farawa da karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki, yana yin bimbini a kan abin da ya karanta. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya ziyarci yawancin kasashen Turai. A lokacin, ra'ayinsa na siyasa ya riga ya kafa.
Mutumin ya so zama ɗan siyasa, amma sunan mai zafin rai da tayar da hankali ya hana ci gaban aikinsa. A cikin 1847 Otto von Bismarck an zabe shi mataimakin United Landtag na Masarautar Prussia. Bayan wannan ne ya fara hauhawar matakan aiki cikin sauri.
Politicalungiyoyin siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da na gurguzu sun kare 'yanci da' yanci. Hakanan, Bismarck ya kasance mai goyan bayan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Abokan haɗin gwiwar masarautar Prussia sun lura da iya magana da iya tunani.
Da yake kare haƙƙin masarauta, Otto ya ƙare a sansanin 'yan adawa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya kafa jam'iyyar Conservative, ya fahimci cewa ba shi da hanyar dawowa. Ya ba da shawarar a kafa majalisa guda daya tare da yin biyayya ga ikonta.
A cikin 1850, Bismarck ya shiga majalisar Erfurt. Ya soki tsarin siyasa, wanda ka iya haifar da rikici da Ostiriya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ya fahimci cikakken ikon Austriya. Daga baya ya zama minista a cikin Bundestag na Frankfurt am Main.
Duk da ɗan kwarewar diflomasiyya, ɗan siyasan nan da nan ya saba kuma ya zama ƙwararre a fagen sa. A lokaci guda, ya sami ƙarin iko a cikin al'umma da tsakanin abokan aiki.
A cikin 1857 Otto von Bismarck ya zama Ambasadan Prussia zuwa Rasha, yana aiki a cikin wannan aikin kusan shekaru 5. A wannan lokacin, ya kware da yaren Rasha kuma ya saba da al'adu da al'adun Rasha sosai. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce daga baya Bajamushe zai faɗi wannan magana: "Yi ƙawance da kowa, ɓullo da kowane yaƙe-yaƙe, amma kar a taɓa Russia."
Alaka tsakanin Bismarck da jami'an Rasha sun yi kusa sosai har ma an ba shi matsayi a kotun Emperor. Tare da hawa gadon sarautar William I a 1861, wani muhimmin abu ya faru a tarihin rayuwar Otto.
A waccan shekarar, rikicin tsarin mulki ya afkawa Prussia a yayin rikici tsakanin masarauta da Landtag. Bangarorin sun kasa samun sulhu kan kasafin kudin soja. Wilhelm ya nemi taimako daga Bismarck, wanda a lokacin yake aiki a matsayin jakada a Faransa.
Siyasa
Rashin jituwa tsakanin Wilhelm da masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya taimaka Otto von Bismarck ya zama ɗayan mahimman mutane a cikin jihar. Sakamakon haka, an ba shi mukamin firayim minista da ministan harkokin waje don su taimaka wajen sake tsara rundunar.
Canje-canjen da aka gabatar ba su da goyon baya daga 'yan adawa, wadanda suka san matsayin Otto na matsanancin ra'ayin mazan jiya. An dakatar da arangamar tsakanin ɓangarorin har tsawon shekaru 3 saboda rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Poland.
Bismarck ya ba da taimako ga mai mulkin Poland, sakamakon abin da ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin manyan Turai. Koyaya, ya sami amincewar sarkin Russia. A cikin 1866, yaƙi ya ɓarke da Ostiriya, tare da rabon yankuna na jihohi.
Ta hanyar aikin diflomasiyya na ƙwararru, Otto von Bismarck ya sami damar neman goyon bayan Italiya, wanda ya zama ƙawancen Prussia. Nasarar soja ta taimaka wa Bismarck samun tagomashi a idanun mutanen ƙasarsa. Hakanan, Austriya ta rasa ikonta kuma ba ta zama wata barazana ga Jamusawa ba.
A cikin 1867, mutumin ya kafa Germanungiyar Jamusawa ta Arewa, wanda ya haifar da haɗuwa da masarautu, duchies da masarautu. A sakamakon haka, Bismarck ya zama shugabar gwamnatin Jamus ta farko. Ya amince da ikon yin Reichstag kuma ya sami duk masu iko.
Shugaban Faransa, Napoleon III, bai gamsu da hadewar jihohi ba, sakamakon haka ya yanke shawarar dakatar da wannan aiki tare da taimakon tsoma baki. Yaki ya barke tsakanin Faransa da Prussia (1870-1871), wanda ya ƙare da mummunar nasara ga Jamusawa. Haka kuma, an kame masarautar Faransa kuma an kame ta.
Waɗannan da sauran abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da kafuwar Daular Jamus, Reich na II, a cikin 1871, wanda Wilhelm I ya zama Kaiser.Haka kuma, Otto da kansa aka ba shi sarauta.
A lokacin wannan tarihin nasa, von Bismarck ya sarrafa kuma ya ƙunshi duk wata barazanar daga Social Democrats, da kuma shuwagabannin Austrian da Faransa. Saboda kwarewar da yake da ita a siyasa, ana yi masa laƙabi da "Kansila Mai Ruwa". A lokaci guda, ya tabbatar da cewa ba a kirkiro wasu manyan sojoji masu adawa da Jamus a Turai ba.
Gwamnatin Jamusanci ba koyaushe take fahimtar ayyukan matakai masu yawa na Otto ba, sakamakon haka yakan fusata abokan aikinsa. Yawancin 'yan siyasar Jamusawa sun yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa yankin jihar ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe, yayin da Bismarck ba mai goyan bayan manufofin mulkin mallaka ba ne.
Colleaguesananan abokan aikin Shugaban Chanarfin ƙarfe suna son ƙarfi sosai. A zahiri, ba su da sha'awar haɗin kan daular Jamusawa, amma mamaye duniya. A sakamakon haka, shekarar 1888 ta zama "shekarar sarakunan uku".
Wilhelm I da ɗansa Frederick III sun mutu: na farko daga tsufa, na biyu kuma daga cutar kansa. Wilhelm II ya zama sabon shugaban kasar. A zamanin mulkinsa ne da gaske Jamus ta buɗe Yaƙin Duniya na (aya (1914-1918).
Kamar yadda tarihi zai nuna, wannan rikici zai zama sanadiyyar mutuwar masarautar da Bismarck ya haɗa. A 1890, ɗan siyasan mai shekaru 75 ya yi murabus. Ba da daɗewa ba, Faransa da Rasha suka haɗa kai da Birtaniyya game da Jamus.
Rayuwar mutum
Otto von Bismarck ya auri wani magidanci mai suna Johann von Puttkamer. Tarihin tarihin dan siyasan sunce wannan auren ya zama mai matukar karfi da farin ciki. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace, Maria, da' ya'ya maza biyu, Herbert da Wilhelm.
Johanna ta ba da gudummawa ga aikin mijinta da nasara. Wasu na ganin cewa matar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a Daular Jamus. Otto ya zama abokin kirki, duk da ɗan gajeren soyayya da Ekaterina Trubetskoy.
Dan siyasar ya nuna matukar sha'awar hawa doki, da kuma wani abin sha'awa da ba a saba da shi ba - tattara masu auna zafin jiki.
Mutuwa
Bismarck ya shafe shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa cikin cikakkiyar wadata da girmamawa a cikin jama'a. Bayan ya yi ritaya, an ba shi taken Duke na Lauenburg, kodayake bai taɓa amfani da shi don amfanin kansa ba. Lokaci zuwa lokaci yakan fitar da kasidu yana sukar tsarin siyasa a jihar.
Mutuwar matarsa a cikin 1894 babban rauni ne ga Shugabancin ƙarfe. Shekaru 4 bayan rashin matar sa, lafiyar sa ta tabarbare sosai. Otto von Bismarck ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1898 yana da shekara 83.
Hotunan Bismarck
