Virgil

Bugun Virgil Maron (Shekaru 70-19. A matsayinsa na marubucin manyan waƙoƙi 3, ya kuɓutar da Helenawa Theocritus ("Bucolics"), Hesiod ("Georgics") da Homer ("Aeneid").

Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Virgil, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin rayuwar Publius Virgil.

Tarihin rayuwar Virgil

An haifi Virgil a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 70 BC. a cikin Cisalpine Galia (Roman Republic). Ya girma a cikin dangin Virgil Sr. da matarsa mai suna Magic Polla.

Baya ga shi, iyayensa suna da ƙarin 'ya'ya uku, waɗanda ɗayan kawai ya sami damar rayuwa - Valery Prokul.

Yara da samari

Kusan ba a san komai game da yarinta ba. Lokacin da yake shekaru 12, yayi karatu a makarantar nahawu. Bayan haka, ya yi karatu a Milan, Rome da Naples. Masu tarihin rayuwa sun ba da shawarar cewa mahaifin ne ya ƙarfafa Virgil zuwa harkar siyasa, yana son ɗansa ya kasance a cikin da'irar masu mulkin mallaka.

A cikin cibiyoyin ilimi, Virgil ya karanci lafazi, rubutu da falsafa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, bisa ga ra'ayinsa, mafi kusancin jagorancin falsafa a gare shi shine Epicureanism.

Duk da cewa Publius yana samun ci gaba a karatunsa, bai mallaki maganganun magana ba, wanda kowane dan siyasa ke bukata. Sau ɗaya kawai mutumin ya yi magana a lokacin gwajin, inda ya sha wahala fiasco. Jawabin nasa ya yi jinkiri sosai, ya yi jinkiri, kuma ya rikice.

Virgil ya kuma karanci yaren Girka da adabi. Rayuwar birni ta gajiyar da shi, sakamakon haka koyaushe yana son komawa lardinsa na asali da rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi.

A sakamakon haka, bayan lokaci, Publius Virgil har yanzu ya koma ƙaramar mahaifarsa, inda ya fara rubuta baitukan sa na farko - "Bucolics" ("Eclogi"). Koyaya, sake fasalin jihar ya katse rayuwar shiru da kwanciyar hankali.

Adabi da falsafa

Bayan yakin da aka yi a Philippines, Kaisar ya yi alkawarin ba da filaye ga duk tsoffin sojoji. A dalilin wannan, an ƙwace wani ɓangare na dukiyoyinsu daga yawancin 'yan ƙasa. Publius ya zama ɗayan waɗanda aka kora daga dukiyoyinsu.

A lokacin tarihin rayuwarsa, Virgil ya riga ya sami shahararre, saboda ayyukan kansa - "Polemon", "Daphnis" da "Alexis". Lokacin da aka bar mawaki ba tare da rufin rufa a kansa ba, sai abokansa suka nemi taimakon Octavian Augustus.

Ya kamata a lura cewa Augustus da kansa ya san kansa kuma ya amince da ayyukan matashin mawaƙin, yana ba da umarnin samar masa gida a Rome, da kuma ƙasa a Campania. A matsayin alamar godiya, Virgil ya ɗaukaka Octavian a cikin sabon waƙar kishi "Tythir".

Bayan Yaƙin Perusian, an sami sabon mamayewar dukiya a cikin jihar. Har ila yau Augustus ya yi roƙo don Publius. Mawaƙin ya rubuta waƙoƙi na bakwai don girmama ɗan da aka haifa majiɓinci, yana kiran shi "ɗan ƙasa na zamanin zinare."

Lokacin da aka dawo da kwanciyar hankali a cikin Jamhuriyar Roman, Virgil ya sami cikakken ikon ba da lokacinsa kyauta don kerawa. Sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa Naples saboda sauyin yanayi. A wannan lokacin, ya buga shahararrun tarihin rayuwar '' Georgia '', inda ya nemi 'yan ƙasar su maido da tattalin arzikin da ya lalace bayan yaƙe-yaƙe.

Publius Virgil yana da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa a hannunsa, godiya ga abin da ya sami damar nazarin ba kawai waƙoƙin marubuta daban-daban ba, har ma da tarihin tsoffin birane da ƙauyuka. Daga baya, waɗannan ayyukan zasu ba shi kwarin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar sanannen duniya "Aeneid".

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Virgil, tare da Ovid da Horace, ana ɗaukarsu babban mawaƙin tsufa. Babban aikin farko na Publius shine Bucolics (39 BC), wanda ya kasance zagaye na ayoyin makiyayi. Wadannan fitowar sun sami shahararren mashahuri, suna mai da mawallafinsu shahararren mawaki a lokacinsa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce wannan aikin ne ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in bucolic. Game da tsarkakewa da cikakkiyar ayar, a wannan yanayin, mafi girman ƙirar kirkirar Virgil ana ɗaukarta a matsayin Georgiki (29 BC), wani abin al'ajabi game da aikin gona.

Wannan baitin ya kunshi baitoci 2,188 da litattafai 4, wadanda suka tabo batutuwan noma, noman ‘ya’yan itace, kiwo na shanu, kiwon zuma, musun rashin yarda da Allah da sauran fannoni.

Bayan haka Virgil ya shirya ƙirƙirar Aeneid, waƙa game da asalin tarihin Roman, wanda aka ɗauka azaman "martani ga Homer." Bai sami nasarar gama wannan aikin ba kuma har ma ya so ya ƙona gwaninta a jajibirin mutuwarsa. Duk da haka, an buga Aeneid kuma ya zama ainihin sanannen ɗan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Roman.

Yankuna da yawa daga wannan aikin da sauri sun shiga cikin ambato, gami da:

"Yanke hukunci wasu daya bayan daya."
"La'ananne kishin zinare."
"Da jinkiri ya ajiye shari'ar."
"Ina tsoron Danes, da wadanda ke kawo kyaututtuka."

A tsakiyar zamanai da Zamanin Zamani, Aeneid ya kasance ɗayan ancientan ayyukan da ba su rasa dacewa ba. Abin sha'awa, shine Virgil wanda Dante ya nuna a cikin The Divine Comedy a matsayin jagorar sa ta bayan rayuwa. Har yanzu ana cikin wannan waƙar a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya.

Mutuwa

A shekara ta 29 bayan hijira Virgil ya yanke shawarar zuwa Girka don hutawa da aiki a kan Aeneid, amma Augustus, wanda ya sadu da mawaƙin a Athens, ya shawo kansa ya koma mahaifarsa da wuri-wuri. Balaguro ya cutar da lafiyar mutumin sosai.

Bayan isarsa gida, Publius ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Ya kamu da zazzabi mai tsanani, wanda ya zama sanadin ajalinsa. Lokacin da, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙone Aeneid, abokansa, Varius da Tukka, suka lallashe shi ya riƙe rubutun kuma suka yi alkawarin sanya shi cikin tsari.

Mawakin ya ba da umarnin kada a kara komai daga kansa, sai dai kawai a share wuraren rashin sa'a. Wannan ya bayyana gaskiyar cewa waƙar ta ƙunshi yawancin waƙoƙin da ba su cika ba da kuma ɓarke. Publius Virgil ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 19 BC. yana da shekaru 50.