SMERSH (takaice don "Mutuwakasance wpeonies! ") - sunan wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na yaki da ta'addanci a cikin USSR yayin yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945).
- Babban sashen yaki da rashin fahimta "Smersh" na Kwamitin Tsaro na Jama'a - rashin fahimta na soja, karkashin jagorancin Viktor Abakumov. Wanda aka miƙa kai tsaye zuwa Joseph Stalin.
- Directory Intelligence Directorate "Smersh" na Commissariat na Sojojin Ruwa, wanda Lieutenant General Pyotr Gladkov ke jagoranta. Wanda aka yiwa biyayya ga Commissar Jama'a na rundunar Nikolai Kuznetsov.
- Sashin magance ta'addanci "Smersh" na Kwaminis ɗin Al'amuran Cikin Gida na Jama'a, shugaban - Semyon Yukhimovich. Subaddamar da Commissar Jama'a Lavrenty Beria.
Tarihi da ayyukan Smersh
An kirkiro babban sashin yaki da yaki "Smersh" na Commissariat of Defence na USSR a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1943. A wancan lokacin, Nazi Jamus ta sha fama da mummunan rauni a cikin almara na yakin Stalingrad. A lokacin ne aka fara yunƙurin yaƙi zuwa ga Red Army.
A lokaci guda kuma, Jamusawa suka fara amfani da sabbin hanyoyin fada. 'Yan Nazi sun fara ba da hankali sosai ga ayyukan leken asiri da ayyukan ɓarna a bayan Soviet. Dole ne ma'aikatan Smersh su tunkari wannan barazanar.
Ta hanyar shawarar Kwamitin Tsaro na Jiha, an kafa SMERSH ta hanyar sake tsara Ofishin Ma'aikatu na Musamman na NKVD. Jagoran nan na "Smersh" ya kasance na ƙarƙashin kwamishina na Tsaro na Jama'a Stalin ne kawai. Dangane da haka, a matakin yanki, gawarwakin Smersh suna karkashin shugabanninsu ne kawai.
Godiya ga irin wannan tsarin, hikimar Soviet ta sami ikon aiwatar da ayyuka a cikin mafi karancin lokacin, tunda sauran manyan hukumomi ba su matsa mata ba.
Da 'yan leƙen asiri da maciya amana
Ayyukan SMERSH sun yi kama da wannan:
- yaki da leken asiri, zagon kasa, 'yan ta'adda da duk wasu ayyukan bata gari na jami'an leken asirin kasashen waje;
- tabbatar da sojoji da fararen hular da makiya suka kama ko suka kewaye su;
- yaƙi da mutanen da ke adawa da Soviet waɗanda suka kutsa cikin sassan da jagorancin Red Army;
- sarrafa layin gaba gabaɗaya don sanya abin da ba zai yiwu ba ga abubuwan leken asiri da anti-Soviet;
- yaki da masu cin amanar ƙasa zuwa cikin rundunar Red Army (haɗin kai, leken asiri, taimakon abokan gaba);
- cika ayyuka na musamman;
- yaki da ƙauracewa da cutar da kai a gaba.
Dangane da dokar yaƙi, an ba wakilai SMERSH da manyan iko. Sun sami dama ga takardu da 'yancin bincike, tambayoyi da tsare duk wani mutum da ake zargi. An nada Janar Viktor Abakumov shugaban Smersh.
A karo na farko "Smersh" ya nuna manyan nasarori a lokacin Yaƙin Kursk. Jamusawa ba su taɓa ganowa game da tsare-tsaren Hedikwatar Babban Kwamandan Manyan Manya. A lokaci guda, ayyukan ɓarna a bayan Red Army sun ragu sosai.
Karya Abwehr kati
Abwehr kungiya ce ta dabarun yaki na mulkin mallaka na Uku. A farkon 1943, 'yan Nazi sun kasance wakilan horo don tura su zuwa Soviet ta baya game da makarantun leken asirin 200 na Jamusawa. Koyaya, godiya ga manyan ƙwarewar ayyukan SMERSH, Jamusawa basu sami ikon tasiri sosai game da yaƙin ba.
A daidai wannan shekarar 1943, 'yan Nazi suka shirya tura yakin basasa a Kalmykia, Arewacin Caucasus, Kazakhstan da Crimea. Ma'aikatan Abwehr sun yi niyya, tare da taimakon masu kishin ƙasa, su soki Soviet Union a baya.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yayin yakin, dubunnan Tattar Kirimiya, Checheniya, Kalmyks da sauran al'ummomi sun yi fada da Red Army. Kuma har yanzu gaskiyar cewa wasu gungun mutane ba su sake haduwa cikin runduna guda ba ya tabbatar da sojojin Smersh.
Yaudarar Soviet ba sau da yawa ya koma ga abin da ake kira "wasannin rediyo" - canja wurin bayanan ƙarya da gangan ga abokan gaba tare da taimakon wakilan da aka kama. A lokacin shekarun yakin, an gudanar da irin wadannan wasannin na rediyo 186, wanda kusan hakan ya toshe hanyar da Nazis din ke da su na bayanan sirri.
TANA SMERSH
Marubutan tarihi, suna bayyana ayyukan SMERSH a matsayin ƙungiyar azabtarwa da danniya, suna ƙarfafa "tace" tsoffin fursunonin yaƙi. A lokacin wannan tsarkakewar, ana zargin jami'ai da rashin tausayin mu'amala da fursunonin, tare da tura su sanannun sansanoni.
Koyaya, wannan ba gaskiya bane. Ya tafi ba tare da faɗi cewa a cikin ayyukan jami'an saɓanin hankali lokaci-lokaci akwai "kuskure" ba, amma har yanzu ba shi yiwuwa a yi ba tare da shi ba. Dole ne su bincika kowane fursuna a hankali, tunda kowane ɗayansu zai iya zama mai yuwuwar barin ƙasa, sabili da haka mai cin amanar ƙasarsu.
Akwai shari'o'in da aka sani da yawa lokacin da aka dawo da fursunonin yaƙi zuwa matsayinsu, kuma ya ba su taimakon likita da na kayan aiki. A lokaci guda, ma'aikatan Smersh galibi suna iya samun shaidar cewa wannan ko wannan fursunan ɗan leƙen asiri ne.
A lokaci guda, koda lokacin da aka gano maciya amana, jami'an 'yan damfara ba su shirya lyn, amma sun mika su ga masu bincike don ci gaba da bincike. Statisticsididdigar manufa tana cewa ba a kama ko tsananta wa galibin yawancin 'yan Soviet waɗanda aka' 'tace' 'su ba.
Babu matsala idan akace cewa SMERSH bata tsunduma cikin danniyar siyasa ba, kodayake wani lokacin ana yin kurakurai wadanda suka kai ga korar fursunoni ko mutuwar su.
Takaitaccen bayani
A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Patasa (1941-1945) "Smersh" ya kashe kusan wakilai abokan gaba 30,000, sama da masu zagon ƙasa 3,500 da 'yan ta'adda 6,000. Kimanin wakilai 3,000 sunyi aiki a bayan layin abokan gaba.
Fiye da hafsan hafsoshi na 6,000 aka kashe a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da aiwatar da wasu ayyuka na musamman. A 1946 SMERSH ta zama wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jiha a matsayin Babban Babban Darakta na 3.
Yawancin fina-finai da jerin shirye-shirye dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ainihi an shirya su game da ayyukan Smersh. A yau, har yanzu akwai takaddama mai zafi tsakanin masana tarihi game da ayyukan wannan samuwar. Wadansu suna zargin jami'an da ba su dace ba na zalunci da bai dace ba, yayin da wasu ke jayayya akasin haka.
