Max Weber

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber, da aka sani da Max Weber (1864-1920) - Bajamushe mai nazarin halayyar dan adam, falsafa, masanin tarihi da tattalin arziki. Ya yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, musamman ilimin halayyar dan Adam. Tare da Emile Durkheim da Karl Marx, Weber ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma.

Akwai tarihin gaskiya mai yawa na Max Weber, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Weber ce.

Tarihin rayuwar Max Weber

An haifi Max Weber ne a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1864 a garin Erfurt na kasar Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan dan siyasa mai tasiri Max Weber Sr. da matarsa Helena Fallenstein. Shi ne ɗan fari na yara 7 ga iyayensa.

Yara da samari

Yawancin masana kimiyya, 'yan siyasa da mashahuran al'adu galibi sun hallara a gidan Weber. Batun tattauna shi ne batun yanayin siyasar kasar da ma duniya baki daya.

Max galibi ya halarci irin waɗannan tarurruka, sakamakon haka kuma ya kasance mai sha'awar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 13, ya gabatar da rubutun tarihin 2 ga iyayensa.

Koyaya, baya son karatun tare da malamai, saboda sun gundureshi.

A halin yanzu, Max Weber Jr. a asirce ya karanta dukkanin kundin 40 na ayyukan Goethe. Bugu da kari, ya saba da aikin sauran manyan litattafai. Daga baya, dangantakarsa da iyayensa ta yi rauni sosai.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Weber ya ci nasarar jarabawa don malanta a jami'ar Heidelberg.

Shekarar da ta gaba an canza shi zuwa Jami'ar Berlin. Bayan haka, tare da abokansa, yakan ɗauki lokaci tare da gilashin giya, kuma yana yin wasan zinare.

Duk da wannan, Max ya sami manyan maki a duk fannoni, kuma tuni ya fara karatunsa a matsayin dalibin lauya. A cikin 1886, Weber ya fara shiga kansa da kansa.

Shekaru daga baya, an ba Weber digirin digirgir na Juris Doctor, cikin nasarar kare rubutun nasa. Ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Berlin sannan kuma yana ba abokan ciniki shawara game da al'amuran shari'a.

Kimiyya da ilimin halayyar dan adam

Baya ga fikihu, Max Weber ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar ilimin halayyar dan Adam, watau manufofin zamantakewar al'umma. Ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa sosai, yana shiga jam'iyyar hagu-hagu.

A cikin 1884, saurayin ya zauna a Freiburg, inda ya fara koyar da ilimin tattalin arziki a wata babbar makarantar ilimi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami nasarar tattara mafi kyawun masu hankali kewaye da shi, ya kafa abin da ake kira "Weber da'irar". Max ya karanci ilimin tsimi da tanadi da kuma tarihin fikihu a karkashin koyarwar zamantakewa.

Bayan lokaci, Weber ya kirkiro kalmar - fahimtar ilimin halayyar dan adam, wanda a ciki aka fi mai da hankali kan fahimtar manufofi da ma'anar aikin zamantakewa. Daga baya, fahimtar ilimin halayyar dan adam ya zama tushen tushen ilimin ilimin halittu, ilimin halitta, ilimin halayyar dan adam, da sauransu.

A cikin 1897, Max ya faɗi tare da mahaifinsa, wanda ya mutu bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, bai taɓa yin sulhu da ɗansa ba. Mutuwar iyaye ta shafi tasirin ilimin kimiyya. Ya kasance cikin damuwa, ba zai iya yin bacci da dare ba, kuma ana yawan yi masa aiki.

A sakamakon haka, Weber ya bar koyarwa kuma an yi masa aiki a ɗakin kwana har tsawon watanni. Sannan ya kwashe kimanin shekaru 2 a Italiya, daga inda ya zo kawai a farkon 1902.

Shekarar mai zuwa, Max Weber ya sami sauki kuma ya sami damar komawa bakin aiki. Koyaya, maimakon koyarwa a jami'a, sai ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar matsayin mataimakin edita a cikin littafin kimiyya. Bayan 'yan watanni, an buga babban aikinsa, The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), a cikin wannan littafin.

A wannan aikin, marubucin ya tattauna game da cudanya da al'adu da addini, da kuma tasirinsu kan ci gaban tsarin tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na tarihin rayuwarsa, Weber ya yi nazarin ƙungiyoyin addini na China, Indiya da tsohuwar yahudanci, yana ƙoƙarin gano a cikinsu dalilan ayyukan da ke ƙayyade bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin Yammaci da Gabas.

Daga baya, Max ya kirkiro nasa "Germanungiyar Ilimin zamantakewar Jamusawa", ya zama shugabanta kuma mai ba da himma game da akida. Amma bayan shekaru 3 ya bar ƙungiyar, yana mai da hankalinsa ga kafuwar ƙarfin siyasa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙoƙari don haɗa kan masu sassaucin ra'ayi da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewa, amma ba a aiwatar da aikin ba.

A farkon Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (1914-1918), Weber ya tafi gaba. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya tsunduma cikin tsarin asibitocin sojoji. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake nazarin ra'ayinsa game da faɗaɗa Jamusawa. Yanzu ya fara kushe tsarin siyasa na Kaiser.

Max ya yi kira ga dimokiradiyya a cikin Jamus maimakon ci gaban aikin gwamnati. Tare da wannan, ya shiga cikin zaben majalisar dokoki, amma ya kasa samun goyon bayan da ya dace ga masu jefa kuri'a.

A shekara ta 1919, mutumin ya gaji da siyasa kuma ya yanke shawarar sake koyarwa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya ya wallafa ayyukan "Kimiyya a matsayin sana'a da sana'a" da "Siyasa azaman kira da sana'a." A cikin aikinsa na ƙarshe, ya yi la'akari da jihar a cikin mahallin wata ƙungiya wacce ke da ikon mallakar amfani da rikici.

Yana da kyau a lura cewa ba duk tunanin Max Weber bane ya samu karbuwa daga al'umma ba. Ra'ayoyinsa a wata ma'ana sun yi tasiri game da ci gaban tarihin tattalin arziki, ka'ida da hanyoyin tattalin arziki.

Rayuwar mutum

Lokacin da masanin kimani shekaru 29, ya auri wani dangi na nesa mai suna Marianne Schnitger. Wanda ya zaba ya raba hankalin mijinta na kimiyya. Bugu da kari, ita da kanta ta zurfafa bincike kan ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ta tsunduma cikin kare hakkin mata.

Wasu masu tarihin rayuwar Weber suna da'awar cewa babu wani kusanci tsakanin ma'aurata. Max da Marianne dangantakar da aka yi zargin an gina su ne kawai bisa girmamawa da maslaha. Yara a cikin wannan ƙungiyar ba a haife su ba.

Mutuwa

Max Weber ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1920 yana da shekara 56. Dalilin mutuwarsa shine annobar cutar mura ta Spain, wanda ya haifar da rikitarwa ta hanyar ciwon huhu.