Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) - Manazarcin Bajamushe, ɗayan manyan masana falsafa a ƙarni na 20. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wakilan wanzuwar Jamusanci.
Akwai tarihin ban sha'awa da yawa na tarihin Heidegger, wanda zamu tattauna shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga ɗan gajeren tarihin Martin Heidegger.
Tarihin rayuwar Heidegger
An haifi Martin Heidegger a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1889 a garin Messkirche na kasar Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin dangin Katolika tare da ɗan ƙaramin kuɗin shiga. Mahaifinsa karamin malami ne a cocin, yayin da mahaifiyarsa baƙauye.
Yara da samari
A lokacin yarintarsa, Martin yayi karatu a dakin motsa jiki. Yayinda yake yaro, yayi aiki a cocin. A cikin samartakarsa, ya zauna a cikin makarantar firam a episcopal a Freiburg, yana da niyyar ɗaukar alwashin zuhudu da shiga cikin tsarin Jesuit.
Koyaya, saboda matsalolin zuciya, Heidegger ya bar gidan sufi. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, ya zama dalibi na ilimin ilimin tauhidi a Jami'ar Freiburg. Bayan wasu shekaru, sai ya yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa Faculty of Falsafa.
Bayan kammala karatun, Martin ya sami damar kare kundin karatu 2 a kan batutuwan "Koyarwar hukunci a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam" da kuma "Koyarwar Duns Scott kan rukuni da ma'ana." Ya kamata a lura cewa saboda rashin lafiya, bai yi aikin soja ba.
A cikin 1915 Heidegger yayi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Freiburg a sashen ilimin tauhidi. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, yayi lacca. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya rasa sha'awar ra'ayoyin Katolika da falsafar Kirista. A farkon 1920s, ya ci gaba da aiki a Jami'ar Marburg.
Falsafa
Ra'ayoyin falsafar Martin Heidegger sun fara zama mai kyau a ƙarƙashin tasirin dabarun Edmund Husserl. Suna na farko ya zo gare shi a cikin 1927, bayan buga littafin farko na ilimi "Kasancewa da Lokaci".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa yau shine "Kasancewa da Lokaci" wanda ake ɗauka babban aikin Heidegger. Haka kuma, wannan littafin yanzu an yarda dashi a matsayin ɗayan shahararrun ayyukan karni na 20 a falsafar nahiyoyi. A ciki, marubucin ya yi waiwaye akan manufar kasancewa.
Kalmar asali a falsafar Martin ita ce "Dasein", wanda ke bayanin kasancewar mutum a duniya. Ana iya kallon shi kawai a cikin ƙwarewar abubuwan gogewa, amma ba faɗakarwa ba. Bayan wannan, "Dasein" ba za a iya bayanin ta hanyar hankali.
Tunda an adana shi cikin yare, ana buƙatar hanyar fahimtar ta gaba ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Heidegger ya ci gaba da koyar da ilimin halayyar mutum, wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya fahimci kasancewa cikin azanci, tare da bayyana abin da ke cikin sirrin, ba tare da yin nazari da tunani ba.
Martin Heidegger ya yi tunani kan ilimin sifa, ta fannoni da yawa ta hanyar falsafar Nietzsche. Bayan lokaci, har ma ya rubuta littafi don girmamawa, Nietzsche da ptaukewa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na tarihinsa, ya ci gaba da buga sabbin ayyuka, gami da Detachment, Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, da Tambayar Fasaha.
A cikin waɗannan da sauran ayyukan, Heidegger ya yi cikakken bayani game da tunaninshi kan wata matsala ta falsafa. Lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka hau mulki a farkon shekarun 1930, ya yi maraba da akidunsu. Sakamakon haka, a lokacin bazara na 1933, wani mutum ya shiga cikin sahun NSDAP.
Abin lura ne cewa Martin yana cikin ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945). A sakamakon haka, ya zama mai ƙiyayya da Semite, kamar yadda aka nuna ta bayanan kansa.
Sananne ne cewa masanin ya ƙi tallafawa kayan yahudawa, sannan kuma bai bayyana a jana'izar malamin sa ba Husserl, wanda Bayahude ne ta asalin ƙasa. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an cire shi daga koyarwa har zuwa 1951.
Bayan da aka dawo da shi a matsayin farfesa, Heidegger ya sake rubuta wasu ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da "Hanyoyin daji", "Bayani da banbanci", "Zuwa ga yare", "Menene tunani?" wasu.
Rayuwar mutum
Martin yana ɗan shekara 27, ya auri ɗalibinsa Elfriede Petrie, wanda yake ɗan addinin Lutheran ne. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da ɗa, Jörg. Masu rubutun tarihin Heidegger sun yi iƙirarin cewa yana cikin ƙawancen ƙawance tare da abokiyar matarsa Elizabeth Blochmann da kuma ɗalibinsa Hannah Arendt.
Mutuwa
Martin Heidegger ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1976 yana da shekara 86. Rashin lafiya shine yayi sanadin mutuwarsa.
Hotunan Heidegger
