Horace

Quintus Horace Flaccus, mafi sau da yawa kawai Horace (65 - 8 BC) - Tsohon mawaƙin Roman wanda yake “zamanin zinariya” na adabin Roman. Aikinsa ya faɗi ne a zamanin yakin basasa a ƙarshen jamhuriya da shekarun farko na sabon tsarin mulkin Octavian Augustus.

Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Horace, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, a gabanka gajeriyar tarihin Quintus Horace Flacca.

Tarihin rayuwar Horace

Horace an haifeshi ne a 8 ga Disamba, 65 BC. e. a cikin garin Venosa na Italiya. Mahaifinsa ya yi amfani da wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa a cikin bautar, tare da mallakar baiwa iri-iri a lokaci guda waɗanda suka taimaka masa samun 'yanci da inganta yanayin kuɗi.

Yara da samari

Da yake son ba ɗansa ilimi mai kyau, mahaifinsa ya bar dukiyarsa ya koma Rome, inda Horace ya fara karatun ilimin kimiyya daban-daban kuma ya iya Girkanci sosai. Mawakin da kansa yayi magana sosai game da mahaifansa, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya samar masa da duk abin da yake buƙata.

Babu shakka, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Horace mai shekaru 19 ya ci gaba da karatu a Athens. A can ya sami damar shiga fitattun masana kuma ya sami masaniya da falsafar Girka da adabi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine dan Cicero yayi karatu tare dashi.

Bayan kisan Julius Caesar, Brutus ya zo Athens yana neman masu goyon bayan tsarin jamhuriya. Anan ya halarci laccoci a Kwalejin Karatu kuma ya inganta tunaninsa ga ɗalibai.

An kira Horace, tare da sauran matasa don yin aiki a matsayin kotun soji, wacce ta kasance mai daraja a gareshi ganin cewa shi ɗan 'yantacce ne. A zahiri, ya zama hafsan hafsoshi.

Bayan fatattakar sojojin Brutus a shekara ta 42 BC. Horace, tare da sauran mayaƙan, sun bar matsayin naúrar.

Sannan ya canza ra'ayinsa na siyasa kuma ya karɓi afuwar da Sarki Octavian ya yiwa mabiyan Brutus.

Tunda jihar ta mallaki dukiyar mahaifin Horace a Vesunia, ya tsinci kansa cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kudi. A sakamakon haka, ya yanke shawarar bin shayari wanda zai iya inganta yanayin kuɗi da zamantakewar sa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya karɓi mukamin magatakarda a cikin buƙata a baitul mali kuma ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi.

Waka

Rukunan wakoki na farko da Horace ya kira Yambas, an rubuta shi da Latin. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa na tarihinsa, ya zama marubucin "Satyr", wanda aka rubuta a cikin hanyar tattaunawa ta kyauta.

Horace ta ƙarfafa mai karatu yayi magana game da ɗabi'ar ɗan adam da matsalolin cikin al'umma, ta bar masa haƙƙin yanke hukunci. Ya tallafawa tunaninsa da barkwanci da misalai waɗanda talakawa zasu iya fahimta.

Mawaƙin ya guji al'amuran siyasa, yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa. Bayan bugawar tarin farko a cikin 39-38. BC Horace ya ƙare a cikin babbar al'ummar Roman, inda Virgil ya taimaka masa.

Sau ɗaya a kotun sarki, marubucin ya nuna hankali da daidaito a cikin ra'ayoyinsa, yana ƙoƙari kada ya fita dabam da wasu. Majiɓincin sa shine Gaius Cilny Maecenas, wanda ɗayan manyan abokan Octavian ne.

Horace ya bi sauye-sauyen Augustus a hankali, amma a lokaci guda bai sunkuyar da kai ba har zuwa matakin "mai fadan kotu". Idan kun yi imani da Suetonius, sarki ya ba mawaƙi ya zama sakatarensa, amma ya karɓi rashin ladabi daga hakan.

Duk da fa'idodi da aka yiwa Horace, bai son wannan matsayin. Musamman, ya ji tsoron cewa ta zama sakataren mai mulki, zai rasa 'yancin kansa, wanda yake da muhimmanci sosai. A lokacin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya riga ya sami wadatattun hanyoyin rayuwa da babban matsayi a cikin al'umma.

Horace da kansa ya mai da hankali akan gaskiyar cewa alaƙar sa da Maecenas ta dogara ne kawai akan girmama juna da abokantaka. Wato, ya jaddada cewa baya cikin ikon Maecenas, amma kawai abokinsa ne. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bai taɓa cin zarafin abokantakarsa tare da majiɓinci ba.

A cewar masu tarihin rayuwa, Horace ba ta yi ƙoƙari don jin daɗi da shahara ba, ta fi son wannan nutsuwa a cikin ƙauye. Koyaya, godiya ga kasancewar mashahuran mashahurai, sau da yawa yakan karɓi kyaututtuka masu tsada kuma ya zama mamallakin sanannen ƙasa a tsaunin Sabinsky.

A cewar wasu majiyoyi da yawa, Quintus Horace Flaccus yana tare da Maecenas a ɗayan yakin kamfen na Octavian, da kuma fafatawa a Cape Actium. Bayan lokaci, ya wallafa shahararren "Waƙoƙin" ("Odes"), wanda aka rubuta a cikin salon waƙa. Sun gabatar da batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da ɗabi'a, kishin ƙasa, soyayya, adalci, da sauransu.

A wata hanya, Horace ya yi ta maimaita Augustus, saboda a wasu wurare yana da haɗin kai ga tsarin siyasarsa, kuma ya fahimci cewa rayuwarsa ta rashin kulawa ta dogara da lafiyar da yanayin sarki.

Kodayake mutanen zamaninsa sun karɓi “Waƙoƙin” Horace sosai, amma sun daɗe da rayuwa da mawallafinsu kuma sun zama abin faɗakarwa ga mawaƙan Rasha. Abin mamaki ne cewa irin waɗannan mutane kamar Mikhail Lomonosov, Gabriel Derzhavin da Afanasy Fet sun shiga cikin fassarar su.

A farkon 20s BC. Horace ya fara rasa sha'awar nau'in sihiri. Ya gabatar da sabon littafinsa "Sakonni", wanda ya kunshi haruffa 3 kuma sadaukarwa ga abokai.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa ayyukan Horace sun shahara sosai a zamanin da da kuma na zamani, duk ayyukansa sun wanzu har zuwa yau. Mutane kalilan ne suka san gaskiyar cewa bayan ƙirƙirar buga takardu, babu wani mawallafi na d was a da aka buga kamar na Horace.

Rayuwar mutum

A tsawon shekarun tarihin sa, Horace bai taba yin aure ba, haka kuma bai bar zuriya ba. Zamanin ya bayyana hotonsa kamar haka: "gajere, mai cike da tukunya, mai sanƙo."

Koyaya, mutumin yakan shagaltar da jin daɗin jiki tare da girlsan mata. Wakokin sa sune Thracian Chloe da Barina, wadanda suka shahara da wayo, wadanda ya kirasu da soyayya ta karshe.

Masu rubutun tarihin sun ce akwai madubai da hotuna masu yawa a ɗakin kwanansa don mawaƙin ya iya kallon hotunan tsirara ko'ina.

Mutuwa

Horace ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 8 BC. yana da shekaru 56. Dalilin mutuwarsa rashin lafiya ne wanda ba a sani ba wanda ya kama shi farat ɗaya. Ya mayar da dukiyarsa zuwa Octavian, wanda ya dage cewa daga yanzu a karantar da aikin mawaki a duk cibiyoyin ilimi.