Dutse

Dangane da wata iyaka mai bayyana, inda zurfin sama da wadataccen filin Salisbury Plain suka hadu, Stonehenge, wanda aka rufe shi da asiri, ya kunno kai. Waɗannan ƙattai, waɗanda ke walwala da sanyin jiki, ƙananan esan cubes ne a cikin wasan yara na babban mai sihiri Merlin ko kuma tsarin da baƙi waɗanda suka iso Duniya suka gina don ceton duniya daga mummunan mutuwa. Ko kuma wataƙila wannan Merlin ɗin ya gina megalith don girmamawa ga sarkin da ya ci Saxon ɗin?

Ba wai kawai adadin ban mamaki na asirin da ba a warware ba, har ma da kyawun tsarin dutse a yau yana jan hankalin manyan masana kimiyya da matafiya na yau da kullun.

Janar bayani game da Stonehenge

An gina hadadden tsarin dutse a karni na III BC. e. a kudancin Burtaniya. Kusa da karamar karamar karamar karamar hukuma ta Devonshire, awowi 2 kacal daga garin Landan na Ingila. Bayan fahimtar inda ginin yake, ba wuya a gane shi, saboda abin tunawa da al'adun Zamani da Neolithic yana da fasali na halaye:

• 82 megaliths wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyar kirdadon magma. Dangane da aikin bincike na zamani na kwararru daga National Museum of Wales, ajiyar su ta zama sananne. Fiye da rabi na "duwatsun shuɗi" an haƙa su kilomita 240 daga tsohon tsari, a kan tsaunin Karn Menin. Abun takaici, har yanzu ba a san yadda aka fitar da kayan ba kuma tsawon lokacin da ya dauka kafin a kai ga matakin karshe;
• 30 tubalan, an gabatar da su a cikin sifofin dutse, masu nauyin tan 25. Mahaliccin da ba a san su ba sun gina duwatsu masu mita huɗu a cikin nau'i biyu a cikin wani tsari mai maƙalli tare da haɗuwa ta gefen hanya. Ba duk tsarin radial bane ya wanzu har zuwa lokacinmu, amma kawai baka ne na tubalan 13 waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙananan tubalan daga sama;
• Abubuwan gine-ginen 5, wadanda ke nuna wani abu a cikin siffar kofaton doki, sun hada da manyan duwatsu guda uku wadanda nauyinsu yakai nauyin tan 50. An girka triliths kwata-kwata daidai gwargwado tare da ƙaruwa a hankali daga 6 m zuwa 7.3 m zuwa babban triad na duwatsu. Lokaci bashi da tausayi ga irin wannan gine-ginen, don haka dole ne masana su maido da abin, wanda yake a arewa maso yamma na Stonehenge, kuma ya ba da goyon baya, ya sake fasalin asalin asalin tsarin tsakiya.

Don ƙarin cikakken binciken abin tunawa, ya kamata ku koma zuwa hoton da ke nuna zane na Stonehenge tare da bayanin mahimman abubuwa.

Dalilin da yasa aka gina zagayen Rawar Kattai

Mazauna yankin, kuma kawai suna wucewa, galibi suna yin zunubi tare da ɓarna, suna cire ƙaramin yanki daga tsohuwar gini don amfani dashi azaman mai ɗorewa mai kariya daga ƙarfin duhu. Masanin tarihin Ingilishi kuma marubuci Tom Brooks ya yi amannar cewa megalith shine tsarin kewayawa na zamanin da.

Kuma galibin masu kaunar asirai na halitta suna kiran abin tunawa da babbar makabarta. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda an sami kaburbura da yawa a yankin hadadden, kuma farkon ya yi daidai da lokacin da aka fara aikin farko na megalith.

Koyaya, manyan sifofin ginin Stonehenge sun kasance masu sauki fiye da zato. An yi imanin cewa Round Dance of Refayan wani irin kalanda ne don tantance ainihin ranakun solstice, eclipse da equinox. Kuma masana kimiyya da yawa sunyi imanin cewa tare da taimakon tsarin zai yiwu a lissafa ainihin lokacin da wata yake tafiya. A takaice dai, Stonehenge sananniyar kula ce ta zamanin da.

Yadda aka Gina Dutse

Mutane da yawa na duk al'ummomin da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun yi aiki a kan ginin irin wannan katafaren tsari na waɗancan ƙarni. Kuma kamar yadda kayan da aka dauka:

• lava mai aman wuta;
• aman wuta;
• sandstone
• farar ƙasa;
• dolerite.

Abin sha'awa: don tabbatar da yadda aka gina duwatsun da kuma yadda aka kawo duwatsun daga nesa mai nisa, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwaji. A wata rana, gungun mutane 24 sun sami nasarar shawo kan nisan kilomita 1, tare da motsa shingen monochromatic tare da su. Wannan ya nuna cewa ginin hadadden ya dauki lokaci mai yawa.

Don samun nau'in megalith da ake buƙata, ana sarrafa duwatsu a matakai da yawa:

1. Fiye da ton da yawa sun sami tasiri, wuta da maganin ruwa.
2. A wurin da aka sanya Stonehenge, an goge manyan duwatsu.

Shekaru da yawa, masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙari su gano abin da ƙarni Stonehenge ya gina, wanda ya gina shi kuma me yasa. Godiya ga hanyoyin zamani na radioisotope wanda aka tsara don ƙayyade shekarun samfurin da ake nazari, ana sakin carbon daga ƙona gutsuren. Bayan wannan, ana kwatanta matakin aikin rediyo dangane da isotopes, wanda ke nuna bayanan da suka dace. Ta wannan hanyar, a ƙarshen karni na 20, an kafa matakan wucin gadi na "duwatsun rawa".

• Farkon tsari... Na farko a aikin ginin megalith, wanda ya kafa harsashin ginin ga Stonehenge duka, shi ne dutsen, wanda a ciki, a yayin hakar rami, an samu tururuwa da lamuran lalacewa, saboda abin da aka ɗauka cewa samuwar moat ɗin ya faru ne bayan mutuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl. Ta amfani da hanyar raba carbon, an gano kimanin lokacin - 3020-2910. BC e.
• Kashi na biyu... A lokacin kashi na biyu na ginin, an sake tono wani rami da ramuka 56, cike da dutsen niƙa. A yau ana kiran waɗannan ramuka "ramuka na Aubrey" don girmamawa ga masanin binciken Biritaniya mai suna John Aubrey. A shekara ta 2008, yayin da ake aikin tono kayan tarihi na rami na bakwai, an gano ragowar mutane 200. Bayan mun gudanar da bincike kan rediyo, sai muka kayyade lokacin rayuwar mutanen da aka binne - 3100-2140. e.
• Na uku... A wannan lokacin, wato daga 2440 zuwa 2100 AD, an gina zobba na dutse daga duwatsu masu shuɗi shuɗi 30.

Tambayar yadda ainihin mutanen wancan lokacin suka sami nasarar tara manyan slabs, kawai kalli hotunan, kuma shakku game da ikon su ya ɓace nan da nan. An yi amfani da rollers daban-daban, levers da raft, tare da taimakon abin da irin wannan ginin ya zama ba mai yiwuwa ba ne.

Dutse na zamani

Idan kun saba da gwanin John Constable, to daga cikin zane-zanen sa zaku iya samun hoton da aka zana a 1835 daga yanayin hadadden dutse. An nuna yanayin al'adun gargajiya kamar dutsen duwatsu, kuma wannan shine yadda ya kasance har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa megalith ya sami maimaituwa mai tsawo da fa'ida. Hoton ya nuna yadda wani mai zane-zanen soyayya na Ingilishi ya sake haifuwa.

Mataki na farko na sake ginin tsohuwar mu'ujiza ya faru ne a shekara ta 1901, kuma ya ƙare ne kawai a ƙarshen 1964. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa aikin ginin ya kasance abin ɓoye ɓoye daga jama'a, wanda a nan gaba ya haifar da ra'ayoyi da maganganu masu sabani da yawa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Stonehenge

Kamar kowane tsohon tsari mai tarihi na musamman, duwatsu masu ban mamaki sun mamaye abubuwa masu ban mamaki, ban da waɗanda aka bayyana a sama.

1. Na ɗan lokaci, Stonehenge yana da wata manufa daban - farkon ƙone gawawwaki a Turai.
2. Shahararren Darwin ya yi karatun tsutsotsi a rabin rabin rayuwarsa, kuma ya zaɓi ɓarna daga wannan yankin a matsayin abin kallo. Godiya ga sha'awar sa, ya sami damar yin binciken archaeological da yawa akan yankin hadadden dutsen.
3. Shekaru 3, Stonehenge mallakar Cecil Chubb ne, wanda a cikin 1915 ya gabatar da megalith a matsayin kyauta ga matarsa, bayan haka kuma Chubb ya ba da kyautar ga jihar.

Bayani don yawon bude ido

Don saba da sanannen wuri, yakamata ku fara tafiyarku daga babban birni na Ingila, bayan da kuka kalli Big Ben a da. Kuna iya ziyartar babban abin tunawa na tarihi duka a matsayin ɓangare na balaguro da kuma kan ku, wanda zai ba ku damar yin yawo cikin ƙasar da yardar kaina kuma kuyi karatun ta kowane fanni na megalith. Nisa zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na budewa gajere ne, kilomita 130 ne kawai. Yadda ake zuwa daga London, kowane matafiyi yana zaɓar kansa:

• yi oda taksi;
• yi hayan mota;
• yi amfani da motar bas ta yau da kullun tare da canji a ƙauyen Salisbury;
• jigilar dogo da ke tashi daga tashar Waterloo tare da tasha a Salisbury. Farashin tikiti £ 33. Jirgin yana barin kowace awa.

Zaɓin jigilar jama'a, ya kamata ku kula cewa a tashar ƙarshe zaku iya canzawa zuwa bas ɗin da zai kai ku ga abin tunawa a cikin mintuna 30 kawai.

Babban Stonehenge yana jan hankali kuma yana jan hankali kamar maganadisu tare da kyau da tarihi. Mafi kyawun lokaci don ziyarta shine lokacin bazara, lokacin da bikin arna ke gudana tare da dubban mutane waɗanda ke tururuwa zuwa megalith don taɓa alamar tsohuwar ikon.

Kalli bidiyon: Gyano Islamiyya,Sakwaya Gyanawa Dutse Jigawa State - 3 (Nuwamba 2024).