A shekarar 1919, bayan karshen yakin duniya na farko, Ingila da Faransa suka bukaci Jamus da ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar mika wuya da wuri-wuri. A cikin ƙasar da ta sha kaye a wannan lokacin akwai matsaloli game da abinci, kuma kawayen, domin a ƙarshe su raunana matsayin Jamusawa, sun hana jigilar abinci da abinci zuwa Jamus. Bayan kafadun bangarorin da ke fada, tuni akwai iskar gas, da injin nika nama na Verdun, da sauran abubuwan da suka salwantar da rayukan miliyoyin mutane. Kuma duk da haka Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Lloyd George ya yi mamakin cewa don cimma burin siyasa, dole ne rayukan fararen hula su kasance cikin haɗari.
An shekaru fiye da 30 sun shude, kuma sojojin Hitler sun kewaye Leningrad. Haka Jamusawan, waɗanda ke fama da yunwa a cikin 1919, ba kawai kansu ba ne suka tilasta wa mazaunan birni miliyan uku yunwa, amma kuma suna harba mata kai tsaye da manyan bindigogi kuma suna jefa mata bam daga sama.
Amma mazauna da masu kare Leningrad sun tsira. Tsire-tsire da masana'antu sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba, a cikin yanayin ɗan adam, hatta cibiyoyin kimiyya ba su daina aiki. Ma'aikatan Cibiyar Masana'antun Shuke-shuke, wadanda a cikin kudadensu aka ajiye dubunnan tan na irin shuka na shuke-shuke, sun mutu daidai kan teburinsu, amma sun ci gaba da tattara dukkan abubuwan. Kuma dukkaninsu jarumai ne na gwagwarmaya don Leningrad, kamar sojoji waɗanda suka haɗu da mutuwa da makamai a hannunsu.
1. A ƙa'ida, ranar da aka fara katangewar ana ɗaukarta a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1941 - An bar Leningrad ba tare da tuntuɓar sauran ƙasar ta ƙasa ba. Kodayake ba zai yuwu farar hula su fita daga garin ba a wannan lokacin har tsawon makonni biyu.
2. A rana guda, 8 ga Satumba, gobara ta farko ta fara a rumbunan ajiyar abinci na Badayevsky. Sun kone dubunnan tan na gari, sukari, kayan zaki, da kek da sauran kayayyakin abinci. A ma'aunin da za mu iya kimantawa daga nan gaba, wannan adadin ba zai ceci Leningrad duka daga yunwa ba. Amma dubun dubatan mutane zasu rayu. Babu jagorancin tattalin arziki, wanda bai watsa abinci ba, ko sojoji, ba suyi aiki ba. Tare da matukar tattare da makaman kare sararin sama, sojoji sun sami nasarori da yawa ta jirgin fascist, wanda da gangan ya jefa bama-bamai a rumbunan abinci.
3. Hitler ya nemi kwace Leningrad ba kawai don dalilan siyasa ba. Birnin Neva ya kasance gida ga yawancin masana'antun tsaro, masu mahimmanci ga Tarayyar Soviet. Yaƙe-yaƙe na tsaro ya ba da damar kwashe masana'antu 90, amma kusan 50 ƙarin aiki a yayin katange, suna ba da nau'ikan makamai 100, kayan aiki da albarusai. Cibiyar ta Kirov, wacce ta samar da tankokin yaki masu nauyi, tana da tazarar kilomita 4 daga layin gaba, amma ba ta dakatar da aiki na yini guda ba. A yayin toshewar, an gina jiragen ruwa 7 da wasu jiragen ruwa kusan 200 a farfajiyar jirgin Admiralty.
4. Daga arewa, sojojin Finland ne suka ba da shingen. Akwai ra'ayi game da wasu mashahurai na Finns da kwamandansu Marshal Mannerheim - ba su wuce fiye da tsohuwar iyakar jihar ba. Koyaya, haɗarin wannan matakin ya tilasta umarnin Soviet don kiyaye manyan rundunoni a cikin yankin arewacin shingen.
5. Matsakaicin bala'in mutuwa a cikin hunturu na 1941/1942 ya sauƙaƙa ta yanayin ƙarancin yanayin da ba a saba dashi ba. Kamar yadda kuka sani, babu wani yanayi mai kyau musamman a Babban Birnin Arewa, amma galibi babu tsananin sanyi a can ma. A cikin 1941, sun fara a watan Disamba kuma suka ci gaba har zuwa Afrilu. A lokaci guda, galibi ana yin dusar ƙanƙara. Albarkatun jikin mayunwata a cikin sanyi sun ƙare da saurin guguwa - mutane a zahiri sun mutu yayin tafiya, gawawwakinsu na iya kwance akan titi har tsawon sati ɗaya. An yi imanin cewa a cikin mafi tsananin hunturu na shingen, mutane fiye da 300,000 sun mutu. Lokacin da aka shirya sabbin gidajen marayu a watan Janairun 1942, ya zamana cewa yara 30,000 sun bar marayu.
6. Mafi ƙarancin abincin gurasa na 125 g ya ƙunshi iyakar rabin gari. Ko da kusan tan dubu na hatsi da aka shanye da aka jiƙa a shagunan Badayev an yi amfani da shi don gari. Kuma don rabon aiki na 250 g, ya zama dole ayi aiki cikakken ranar aiki. Ga sauran kayayyakin, lamarin ma ya kasance bala'i. A cikin watan a watan Disamba - Janairu, ba a ba da nama, ba mai, ko sukari. Sannan wasu samfuran sun bayyana, amma duk iri ɗaya ne, daga na ukun zuwa rabi na katunan an siye - babu wadatar duk samfuran. (Da yake magana game da ƙa'idodi, ya kamata a bayyana: sun kasance kaɗan daga Nuwamba 20 zuwa Disamba 25, 1941. Sai suka ɗan yi kaɗan, amma a kai a kai sun ƙaru)
7. A cikin Leningrad da aka kewaye, an yi amfani da abubuwa sosai don samar da abinci, waɗanda a da ake ɗaukar su a matsayin maye gurbin abinci, kuma yanzu ana amfani da su azaman albarkatun ƙasa masu amfani. Wannan ya shafi waken soya, albumin, cellulose na abinci, auduga da auduga da sauran kayan masarufi.
8. Sojojin Soviet ba su zauna a kan kariya ba. Kokarin karya shingen an yi ta ne koyaushe, amma Sojoji na 18 na Wehrmacht sun sami nasarar ƙarfafawa da kuma kawar da duk hare-haren.
9. A cikin bazarar 1942, Leningraders waɗanda suka tsira daga hunturu sun zama lambu da masu sare itace. An ware hekta 10,000 na lambun kayan lambu; an yage tan dubu 77,000 na dankali daga kaka. A lokacin hunturu sun sare dazuzzuka don itacen girki, sun rushe gidajen katako da kuma girbin peat. An sake dawo da zirga-zirgar tram a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. A lokaci guda, aikin shuke-shuke da masana'antu sun ci gaba. Tsarin tsaro na gari ya inganta koyaushe.
10. Lokacin hunturu na 1942/1943 yayi sauki sosai idan ana iya amfani da wannan kalmar ga garin da aka toshe da kuma jefa bamabamai. Sufuri da samarda ruwa sunyi aiki, al'adu da zamantakewar rayuwa suna walwala, yara sun tafi makarantu. Ko da yawan shigo da kuliyoyi zuwa Leningrad ya yi magana game da wani daidaituwar rayuwa - babu wata hanyar da za ta bi da yawan berayen.
11. An rubuta sau da yawa cewa a cikin Leningrad da aka kewaye, duk da yanayin da ake da shi, babu annoba. Wannan babban abin yabo ne ga likitocin, waɗanda suma suka karɓi burodi na gram 250 - 300. An samu barkewar annobar taifot da typhus, kwalara da sauran cututtuka, amma ba a bar su sun zama annoba ba.
12. An fara toshe shingen ne a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1943. Koyaya, sadarwa tare da babban yankin an kafa shi ne kawai a ƙuntataccen yanki na tafkin Ladoga. Koyaya, nan da nan aka shimfiɗa hanyoyi tare da wannan tsiri, wanda ya ba da damar saurin fitar da Leningraders da haɓaka wadatar mutanen da suka rage a cikin birnin.
13. Kewayen birnin a kan Neva ya ƙare a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1944, lokacin da aka 'yantar da Novgorod. Masifar da jaruntaka ta kare kwanaki 872 na Leningrad ya wuce. An yi bikin ranar 27 ga Janairu a matsayin ranar da ba za a taɓa mantawa da ita ba - ranar da aka yi tsawa mai tsawa a Leningrad.
14. "Hanyar Rai" bisa hukuma tana da lamba 101. An fara jigilar kaya ta farko da sillan dawakai a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1941, lokacin da kaurin kankara ya kai cm 18. A ƙarshen Disamba, juyawar Hanyar Rai ya kasance tan 1,000 a kowace rana. An fitar da mutane kusan 5,000 ta wata hanya ta daban. A cikin duka, a lokacin hunturu na 1941/1942, an kawo kaya sama da tan 360,000 zuwa Leningrad kuma an fitar da mutane sama da 550,000.
15. A shari’ar Nuremberg, masu gabatar da kara na Soviet sun ba da sanarwar adadin fararen hula 632,000 da aka kashe a Leningrad. Wataƙila, wakilan USSR sun faɗi adadin mutuwar da aka yi rubuce rubuce daidai a wancan lokacin. Adadin na ainihi na iya zama miliyan ɗaya ko miliyan 1.5. Yawancinsu sun riga sun mutu a cikin ƙaura kuma ba a ɗauka a hukumance cewa sun mutu yayin katanga. Asarar da sojoji da fararen hula suka yi a lokacin karewa da 'yantar da Leningrad ya ninka asarar da Burtaniya da Amurka suka yi a duk lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
