Boris Godunov (1552 - 1605) yana da matsayi mara kyau a tarihin Rasha. Kuma a kashin kaina, masana tarihi ba sa son Tsar Boris: ko dai ya azabtar da Tsarevich Dmitry, ko kuma ya umurce shi da azabtar da shi, kuma ya ba da sha'awa ba adadi, kuma bai nuna son abokan adawar siyasa ba.
Boris Godunov shima ya samo shi ne daga hannun masu fasaha. Ko mutumin da bai san tarihi ba tabbas ya karanta ko ya ji a silima fim ɗin Bulgakov na Ivan Vasilyevich Mugu: “Wace Boris ce Tsar? Boriska?! Boris don masarauta? .. Don haka shi, mai wayo, raini ya biya sarki mafi kyawu! .. Shi kansa yana son yin sarauta da mulkin komai! .. Laifin mutuwa! " 'Yan kalmomi kaɗan, amma hoton Godunov - dabara, dabara da ma'ana, ya riga ya shirya. Ivan mai ban tsoro ne kawai, daya daga cikin makusantan sa shi ne Godunov, bai yi hakan ba kuma ba zai iya cewa ba. Kuma waɗannan kalmomin Bulgakov ya ɗauka ne daga wasiƙa tsakanin Andrei Kurbsky da Grozny, kuma ya fito ne daga wasikar Kurbsky.
A cikin bala'in wannan sunan da Pushkin, an nuna hoton Boris Godunov tare da isasshen amincin. Pushkin Boris, duk da haka, yana fama da shakku kan ko Tsarevich Dmitry ya mutu da gaske, kuma an mai da hankali sosai ga bautar talakan, amma gaba ɗaya, Godunov na Pushkin ya zama kama da na asali.
Scene daga opera ta M. Mussorgsky dangane da bala'in A. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"
Ta yaya tsar wanda ya mulki Rasha a ƙarshen karni na 16 - 17th ya rayu kuma ya mutu?
1. Kusan babu wani bayani game da asali da yarinta na Boris. An san shi ɗan ɗa ne ga mai mallakar Kostroma, wanda shi ma ɗa ne daga cikin masu martaba. Godunov ɗin kansu sun fito ne daga yariman Tatar. Kammalawa game da karatun Boris Godunov an yi shi ne bisa gudummawar da ya rubuta da hannunsa. Sarakuna, bisa ga al'ada, ba sa shafa hannayensu da tawada.
2. Iyayen Boris sun mutu da wuri, shi da 'yar uwarsa sun sami kulawar boyar Dmitry Godunov, wanda ke kusa da Ivan mai ban tsoro, da kawunsa. Dmitry, duk da "siririn" sa, ya sami kyakkyawan aiki a cikin masu tsaron. Ya mamaye kusan wuri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin tsar kamar Malyuta Skuratov. A dabi'ance, 'yar tsakiya ta Skuratov Maria ta zama matar Boris Godunov.
3. Tuni yana da shekaru 19, Boris shine saurayin ango a bikin Ivan mai ban tsoro tare da Martha Sobakina, ma'ana, tsar ya riga ya sami lokaci don yaba saurayin. Abokan cinikin Godunov sunyi matsayi iri ɗaya lokacin da tsar yayi aure a karo na biyar.
Bikin auren Ivan mai ban tsoro da kuma Martha Sobakina
4. 'Yar'uwar Boris Godunov Irina ta auri dan Ivan mai Babban Fyodor, wanda daga baya ya gaji sarautar mahaifinsa. Kwanaki 9 bayan mutuwar mijinta, Irina ta ɗauki gashinta a matsayin zuhudu. Sarauniyar baiwar ta mutu a shekara ta 1603.
5. A ranar da Fyodor Ivanovich ya auri masarauta (31 ga Mayu, 1584), ya ba Godunov matsayin mai hawan dawakai. A wancan lokacin, mai dawakai boyar na cikin da'irar da ke kusa da sarki. Koyaya, ko ta yaya Ivan Mugu ya karya ƙa'idar magabata, ba zai yiwu a kawar da shi kwata-kwata ba, har ma bayan bikin aure zuwa masarautar, wakilan tsofaffin dangi sun kira Godunov "ma'aikaci". Wannan shi ne mulkin mallaka.
Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich
6. Fyodor Ivanovich mutum ne mai tsoron Allah (ba shakka, masana tarihi na karni na 19 sunyi la’akari da wannan dukiya ta ruhi, idan ba hauka ba, to lallai wani nau'i ne na rashin hankali - tsar ya yawaita addu’a, ya tafi aikin hajji sau ɗaya a mako, ba wasa ba). Godunov ya fara warware al'amuran gudanarwa a kan wawa. Manyan ayyukan gini sun fara, an daga albashin bayin sarki, kuma sun fara kamawa da hukunta masu karbar rashawa.
7. A karkashin Boris Godunov, wani sarki ya fara bayyana a Rasha. A shekarar 1588, sarki Erimen na biyu ya iso Moscow. Da farko, an ba shi mukamin na uban gidan Rasha, amma Irmiya ya ƙi, yana mai bayyana ra'ayin malamansa. Sannan aka kira Majalisar Tsaro, wacce ta zabi mutane uku. Daga cikin waɗannan (bisa ƙa'idar da aka bi a cikin Constantinople), Boris, wanda a lokacin yake kula da al'amuran jihar, ya zaɓi Aiki na Babban Birni. Nadin sarautarsa ya gudana ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 1589.
Shugaban Rasha na farko Ayuba
8. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sojojin Rasha a ƙarƙashin umarnin Godunov da Fyodor Mstislavsky sun sa rundunar ta Crimea gudu. Don fahimtar haɗarin hare-haren Crimean, aan layuka daga tarihin sun isa, inda aka yi alfahari da rahoton cewa Russia sun bi Tatar ɗin “har zuwa Tula”.
9. A shekarar 1595, Godunov ya kulla wata yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Sweden wacce ta kasance mai nasara ga Rasha, a cewarta an mayar da filayen da suka rasa a farkon karon farko na yakin Livoniya zuwa Rasha.
10. Andrey Chokhov ya jefa Tsar Cannon zuwa ga umarnin Godunov. Ba za su harba daga gare ta ba - bindigar ma ba ta da ramin shuka. Sun kirkiro makami a matsayin wata alama ta karfin jihar. Chokhov shima ya yi Tsar Bell, amma bai tsira ba har zuwa yau.
11. Farawa da Karamzin da Kostomarov, masana tarihi suna zargin Godunov da mummunan makirci. A cewarsu, ya ci gaba da tozartawa da cire membobin Kwamitin Amintattu da yawa daga Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Amma har ma da masaniya da abubuwan da waɗannan masana tarihin suka gabatar ya nuna: masu martaba boyars sun so Tsar Fyodor ya sake Irina Godunova. Fyodor yana kaunar matarsa, kuma Boris ya kare 'yar'uwarsa da dukkan ƙarfinsa. Ya zama dole Messrs Shuisky, Mstislavsky da Romanov su tafi Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
12. Karkashin Godunov, Rasha ta bunkasa da Siberia sosai. Daga karshe Khan Kuchum ya sha kashi, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov, Surgut, Tara, Tomsk aka kafa. Godunov ya buƙaci yin kasuwanci tare da kabilun yankin "weasel". Wannan halin ya kafa kyakkyawan tushe don rabin karni na gaba yayin da Russia ta hau tekun Pacific Ocean.
Rasha a karkashin Boris Godunov
13. Marubutan tarihi sun dade suna fasa mashi akan "lamarin Uglich" - kisan Tsarevich Dmitry a Uglich. Na dogon lokaci, an dauki Godunov a matsayin babban mai laifi da cin gajiyar kisan. Karamzin kai tsaye ya bayyana cewa ɗan ƙaramin yaro ne ya raba Godunov daga gadon sarauta. Mutumin da yake da daraja da kuma yawan tunani game da tarihi baiyi la'akari da wasu dalilai da yawa ba: tsakanin Boris da kursiyin sun ɗauki aƙalla wasu shekaru 8 (an kashe basarake a 1591, kuma an zaɓi Boris Tsar ne kawai a 1598) da kuma ainihin zaɓen Godunov azaman tsar a Zemsky Sobor.
Kisan Tsarevich Dmitry
14. Bayan rasuwar Tsar Fyodor Godunov ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan sufi kuma tsawon wata guda bayan Irina ta fama da cutar mai mulkin baya jihar. Kawai a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1598, Zemsky Sobor suka zaɓi Godunov a kan karagar mulki, kuma a ranar 1 ga Satumba Satumba Godunov ya zama sarki.
15. Kwanakin farko bayan bikin aure zuwa masarauta ya zama mai wadata da kyaututtuka da gata. Boris Godunov ya ninka albashin dukkan ma'aikata. An kebe 'yan kasuwa daga ayyukan shekara biyu, da manoma daga haraji na shekara guda. Gaba daya aka yi afuwa. An ba da kuɗi mai yawa ga zawarawa da marayu. 'Yan kasashen waje sun sami' yanci daga yasak shekara guda. An ciyar da ɗaruruwan mutane daraja da martaba.
16. Daliban farko da aka tura ƙasashen waje ba su bayyana kwata-kwata a ƙarƙashin Peter the Great, amma a ƙarƙashin Boris Godunov. Haka kuma, "wadanda suka bata" na farko sun bayyana ba karkashin ikon Soviet ba, amma a karkashin Godunov - cikin matasa goma da aka tura karatu, daya ne ya koma Rasha.
17. Matsalolin Rasha, waɗanda da ƙyar ƙasar ta tsira, ba su fara ba saboda rauni ko mummunan mulkin Boris Godunov. Hakan bai ma fara ba lokacin da Mai Pretender ya bayyana a gefen yammacin jihar. Ya fara ne lokacin da wasu daga cikin boyars suka ga fa'idodi ga kansu a bayyanar da Pretender da raunin karfin masarauta, kuma suka fara tallafawa a asirce suna goyon bayan Karya Dmitry.
18. A cikin 1601 - 1603 Rasha ta afka cikin mummunan yunwa. Asalinsa asalin bala'i ne - fashewar dutsen Huaynaputina (!!!) a cikin Peru ya tsokani Icean lokacin ƙanana. Yanayin iska ya ragu, kuma shuke-shuke da aka horar ba su da lokacin yin girbi. Amma yunwa ta kara tabarbarewa sakamakon rikicin shugabanci. Tsar Boris ya fara raba kuɗi ga waɗanda ke fama da yunwa, kuma dubunnan ɗaruruwan mutane suka ruga zuwa Moscow. A lokaci guda, farashin burodi ya ƙaru sau 100. Boyars da gidajen ibada (ba duka bane, tabbas, amma da yawa) sun riƙe burodin a cikin tsammanin mawuyacin farashin. Sakamakon haka, dubun dubatan mutane suka mutu saboda yunwa. Mutane sun ci beraye, ɓeraye, har ma da daji. An yi mummunan rauni ba kawai ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar ba, har ma ga ikon Boris Godunov. Bayan irin wannan bala'in, duk wasu kalmomin da aka aika wa mutane hukunci saboda zunuban "Boriska" kamar gaskiya ne.
19. Da zarar yunwa ta kare, Karya Dmitry ya bayyana. Duk rashin gaskiyar bayyanarsa, ya wakilci babban haɗari, wanda Godunov ya gane latti. Kuma yana da wahala ga mutum mai ibada a waccan zamanin ya dauka cewa ko manyan masu mukami, wadanda suka san cewa Dmitry na gaske ya mutu tsawon shekaru, kuma wanda ya sumbaci giciye tare da rantsuwa da Godunov zai iya cin amana da sauƙi.
20. Boris Godunov ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1605. 'Yan sa'o'i kafin mutuwar sarki, ya yi kyau da kuzari, amma sai ya ji rauni, kuma jini ya fara malala daga hanci da kunnuwansa. Akwai jita-jita game da guba har ma da kashe kansa, amma da alama Boris ya mutu ne sanadiyyar yanayi - cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata na rayuwarsa, ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani sau da yawa.
