Birnin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarori kuma ɗayan mafi munin gazawar wayewar ɗan adam. A gefe guda kuma, birane, musamman ma manyan, banda wasu ban da keɓaɓɓu, ba su da wahalar rayuwa. Matsaloli game da zirga-zirga, tsadar gidaje, babban tsada, aikata laifi, hayaniya - ana iya lissafa rashin ingancin birane na dogon lokaci. Rayuwa a manyan biranen galibi yakan juyo zuwa rayuwa.
Koyaya, babu wani abu mafi kyau wanda aka ƙirƙira har yanzu. Ayyukan Utopian kamar sake tsugunar da dukkan jama'ar Amurka daga teku zuwa teku zuwa ƙauyuka masu hawa ɗaya-hawa ko ƙauracewar miliyoyin mutane daga ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, musamman Moscow da yankin Moscow, zuwa Urals da Gabas ta Gabas suna bayyana daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, amma kusan ba a sami magoya baya ba. Garuruwa na ci gaba da girma da haɓaka kamar famfo mai jawo mutane da albarkatu.
1. Kimanin rabin yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin birane, sun mamaye ƙasa da 2% na yankin, kuma suna cin kashi uku cikin ɗari na albarkatu, kuma wannan haɓaka yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa koyaushe zuwa biranen. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa rayuwa a cikin birane (a matsakaici, ba shakka) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yankunan karkara.
2. Babu tabbatacce, cikakkiyar ma'anar "birni". A lokuta daban-daban, a cikin ilimin kimiyya daban-daban da ƙasashe daban-daban, ana fassara ta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A ma'anar galibi, birni "ba ƙauye ba ne," wuri ne wanda mazaunansa ba su da noma sosai kuma suna zama a cikin gidajen gine-gine daban-daban. Koyaya, har ma wannan, mahimmancin ma'anar ya kasance a ƙafafu biyu - baya a tsakiyar karni na 19, masu kiwon aladu sun zauna a tsakiyar Landan, suna kiwon dubban aladu, kuma Paris tana fama da yunwa ba saboda rashin hatsi ba, amma daga sanyin - masarufin garin kan Seine mai sanyi yi aiki. Kuma babu abin da za a ce game da kaji da lambuna na kayan lambu a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a gefen manyan biranen.
3. Hakikanin lokacin bayyanar garuruwan farko shima dalili ne na tattaunawa tare da yaduwar shekaru biyun da suka gabata. Amma tabbas birane sun fara bayyana lokacin da mutane suka sami damar samar da rarar kayayyakin amfanin gona. Ana iya musanya shi da wani abu mai amfani (kayan aiki, kayan aiki) ko ma da daɗi (kayan ado). Mutanen gari sun samar da wannan mai amfani kuma mai dadi. A cikin birni, zaku iya musanya kayan amfanin gonarku da wani. Saboda haka al'adar shekara dubu ta kasancewar kowace kasuwa ba wai kawai masu kidaya da kayayyaki ba, har ma da shagunan masu fasaha.
Jeriko yana daya daga cikin biranen farko
4. Tuni a cikin tsohuwar Rome, yawan mutane ya haifar da maganganu kamar "Ba za a iya samun masifa ba inda al'ada ta dawo da mutane zuwa ga dabi'a." Don haka Seneca ta yi rubutu game da tsoffin Jamusawa, waɗanda suka rayu ta farauta da tarawa.
Ba kowa ne yake son rayuwa a tsohuwar Rome ba
5. Bature manomi kuma mai tallata labarai William Cobbett ya kira biranen "pimples", London - "wani katuwar pimple", kuma a hankalce ya ba da shawarar a matse dukkan kurajen ta fuskar ƙasar ta Ingila. Ya kasance farkon rabin karni na 19 ...
6. Shahararren littafin Adam Smith akan "hannun da ba a gani na kasuwa" - "Nazari kan yanayi da musabbabin arzikin al'ummai" an haife shi ne bayan marubucin ya kwatanta yadda ake samar da abinci na birane biyu: London da Paris. A cikin babban birni na Ingilishi, hukumomi ba su tsoma baki tare da samarwa ba, kuma komai yana cikin tsari tare da shi. A cikin Faris, hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙari don sarrafa wadata da fataucin abinci, kuma wannan ya fito musu da mummunan rauni, har zuwa juyi. Conclusionarshen Smith ya kasance, a kallon farko, a bayyane yake, kawai bai yi la'akari da dabaru na samar da kayayyaki zuwa biranen biyu ba - Paris tana da nisan kilomita 270 daga teku, kuma Landan yana da shekaru 30. Isar da kayayyaki ta ƙasa ya fi sau da yawa wahala da tsada.
7. A cikin Faris na zamani, akasin haka, wadatarwar ta fi ta London kyau. Babbar kasuwar sayar da kayayyaki ta Runji tana ba da damar kasancewar dubunnan kananan shagunan kayan masarufi tsakanin nisan tafiyar Parisians. Mazaunan London, wanda kusan babu sauran shaguna masu zaman kansu da suka rage, dole su je manyan kantunan.
A kasuwar Runji da ke Paris
8. An ambaci tsarin samar da ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin Baibul. Hakanan kowa ya san tsofaffin magudanan ruwa na Roman. A cikin biranen Turai na da, gami da Rasha, bututun ruwa sun bayyana gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙarni na XII-XIII.
Ruwayen ruwa na Roman har yanzu suna tsaye shiru
9. Tsarin shara na farko ya bayyana a garin Mohenjo-Daro na Indiya a cikin Millennium III na BC. e. Wata babbar hanyar tsabtace ruwa ta yi aiki a tsohuwar Rome. Kuma a cikin New York, an buɗe tsarin magudanan ruwa a 1850, a London a 1865, a Moscow a 1898.
A cikin lambatu na Landan, karni na 19
10. Tsarin tattara shara daban ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1980 a garuruwan Holland.
11. Lantarki na farko ya bayyana a Landan a 1863. Estarami shine jirgin karkashin kasa na garin Kazakh na Alma-Ata - an buɗe shi a cikin 2011. An shimfiɗa cibiyar sadarwar metro mafi girma a cikin Shanghai - kilomita 423, mafi ƙanƙanta - a Haifa (Isra'ila), tsawonta kawai kilomita 2 ne. A cikin Dubai, jiragen kasa masu saukar ungulu marasa matuka suna tafiya a kan layuka masu tsawon kilomita 80.
12. London ita ma majagaba ce kan hidimar bas ta cikin gari. A cikin babban birnin Burtaniya, sun fara ne a cikin 1903. Amma a Rasha, fasinjojin farko na motar jigila sun kasance mazauna Arkhangelsk a cikin 1907.
13. Jirgin hawa na farko da aka zana doki ya bayyana a cikin Baltimore (Amurka) a 1828. Farkon wasan tram na lantarki ya faru a cikin 1881 a Berlin. A shekara mai zuwa, an ƙaddamar da tarago na farko a cikin Daular Rasha ta lokacin a Kiev.
14. An buɗe layin farko na trolleybus a cikin Berlin a cikin 1882. A cikin Moscow, an ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin trolleybus a cikin 1933.
Ofayan ɗayan manyan motocin hawa na Moscow
15. An kafa sabis na motar asibiti na farko a cikin 1881 a Vienna. Irin wannan sabis ɗin ya bayyana a cikin Moscow a cikin 1898. Duk anan da can musabbabin shine bala'in tare da yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa: gobara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vienna da murkushe taro akan Khodynka.
16. Tsakanin garin Ingilishi na Letchworth (mazauna 33 0 00) da Volgograd ta Rasha (sama da mutane miliyan 1) babu wata sananniyar haɗi. An gina Letchworth bisa tsari iri ɗaya a farkon karni na ashirin a matsayin “birni na lambu” na farko: haɗuwa da abubuwan more rayuwa da birane. Vladimir Semyonov dan Rasha ne ya shiga aikin ginin, wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da dabaru da yawa daga Letchworth lokacin da yake tsara yadda za a dawo da Stalingrad bayan yakin.
17. Slab City tabbas shine birni ɗaya tilo a duniya wanda mazaunanta basa yin ba tare da tsarin birni, policean sanda da abubuwan amfani ba. A wani sansanin soja da aka watsar tare da dumbin masu buke da sauran gine-gine, wadanda suka yi ritaya, mutanen da ba su da gida da kuma masoyan rayuwa kyauta suka hallara. Akwai coci a cikin Slab City, tushen makaranta yana shiga don yara, ana samun wutar lantarki daga janareto, akwai hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa da tabkuna na ƙasa - mutane suna rayuwa baƙon abu, amma rayuwar yau da kullun ga yawancinmu.
Slab City - gari ne wanda kowa ke farin ciki da rayuwa
18. Akalla garuruwa 7 suna cikin kasashe biyu lokaci guda. A galibinsu, iyakar ba ta da iyaka - ana nuna ta alamun titi ko kayan ado har ma da gadajen furanni. Amma Amurkawa suna tsaron kan iyaka a cikin Nogales na Amurka da Mexico kamar yadda yake a wasu yankuna. A arewacin Amurka, a cikin Derby Line / Stansted (Kanada), tsarin kan iyakoki ya fi laushi, amma ana buƙatar fasfo, kuma don keta dokar ƙetare iyakar, za ku iya samun tarar $ 5,000.
Nogales - birni ne mai banbanci
19. An gina ainihin kwafin garin Hallstatt na Austriya a China. A kan dala miliyan 940, wanda ya dauki nauyin aikin, attajirin dan China, ya yi wa Austriya wani wayayye - bayan an kammala aikin kwafin, Sinawa sun fara ziyartar Austria sau 10.
Wannan shine asalin
Kuma wannan kwafin Sinawa ne mai tsada.
20. Dangane da hasashen masana na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, nan da shekarar 2050, 3/4 na mutanen duniya za su zauna a birane. Haka kuma, birane za su yi girma sosai. Yawan babban birnin Côte d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro, zai kusan ninka, a cikin Sinji Jinjiang za a sami ƙarin mazaunin kwata, amma yawan mutanen Tokyo ko London zai ɗan yi girma - da 0.7 - 1%.
