Leningrad toshewa - toshewar da sojoji suka yiwa garin Leningrad (yanzu ana kiran sa St.
Kewayen Leningrad na ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi kuma, a lokaci guda, shafukan jarumi a tarihin Babban Yaƙin rioasa. Ya kasance daga 8 ga Satumba, 1941 zuwa Janairu 27, 1944 (an katse zoben shingen a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1943) - kwanaki 872.
A jajibirin da aka toshe garin, garin bai sami isasshen abinci da mai ba na dogon lokaci. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa gabaɗaya kuma, sakamakon haka, ga dubban daruruwan rayuka tsakanin mazauna.
An toshe shingen Leningrad ba da nufin mamaye birnin ba, amma don sauƙaƙa halakar da duk jama'ar da ke kewaye da shi.
Leningrad toshewa
Lokacin da Nazi ta Jamus ta kai hari kan USSR a 1941, ya bayyana ga shugabancin Soviet cewa Leningrad zai zama ɗayan manyan mutane a cikin rikicin Jamusawa da Soviet.
Dangane da wannan, hukumomi sun ba da umarnin ficewar garin, wanda aka buƙaci fitar da dukkan mazaunansa, kamfanoni, kayan aikin soja da kayan fasaha. Koyaya, babu wanda ya dogara ga toshewar Leningrad.
Adolf Hitler, bisa ga shaidar mukarrabansa, yana da kusanci na musamman don mamayar Leningrad. Ba ya son ya kama shi kawai don kawai shafe shi daga doron ƙasa. Don haka, ya shirya ɓata tarbiyyar duk 'yan Soviet waɗanda garin ke alfahari da su na gaske.
A ranar jajibirin shingen
Dangane da shirin Barbarossa, sojojin na Jamusawa za su mamaye Leningrad bai wuce Yuli ba. Ganin saurin makiya, sojojin Soviet sun hanzarta gina gine-ginen tsaro kuma suka shirya don ficewa daga cikin garin.
Da yardar ran Leningraders sun taimakawa Red Army don gina katanga, kuma sun shiga cikin sahun mayaƙan mutane. Duk mutane a cikin motsi ɗaya sun haɗu wuri ɗaya don yaƙi da maharan. A sakamakon haka, an sake cika gundumar Leningrad da kusan ƙarin sojoji 80,000.
Joseph Stalin ya ba da umarnin kare Leningrad har zuwa ƙarshen jini. A wannan batun, ban da shinge na ƙasa, an kuma aiwatar da tsaron iska. A saboda wannan, bindigogin yaƙi da jirgin sama, jirgin sama, fitilun bincike da kayan aikin radar sun shiga hannu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa saurin iska da aka shirya cikin nasara ya sami babban nasara. A zahiri a rana ta 2 na yaƙin, babu wani mayaƙin Bajamushe da ya sami damar kutsawa cikin sararin samaniyar garin.
A waccan lokacin bazara, an kai hare-hare 17, inda 'yan Nazi suka yi amfani da sama da jirgin sama 1,500. Jirgin sama 28 ne kawai suka ratsa zuwa Leningrad, kuma 232 daga cikinsu sojojin Soviet suka harbe su. Koyaya, a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1941, sojojin Hitler sun riga sun kasance kilomita 200 daga garin akan Neva.
Mataki na farko na ƙaura
Mako guda bayan fara yaƙin, a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1941, an kwashe yara kusan 15,000 daga Leningrad. Koyaya, wannan shine matakin farko kawai, tunda gwamnati tayi shirin fitar da yara daga cikin garin har yara 390,000.
An kwashe yawancin yaran zuwa kudancin yankin Leningrad. Amma a can ne masu fascist suka fara kai hare-hare. A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne a tura 'yan mata da yara maza 170,000 zuwa Leningrad.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa daruruwan dubban manya sun bar garin, a layi daya da kamfanoni. Mazauna garin ba sa son barin gidajensu, suna shakkar cewa yakin na iya ci gaba na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, ma'aikatan kwamitocin da aka kafa na musamman sun tabbatar da cewa an fitar da mutane da kayan aiki da wuri-wuri, ta hanyoyi da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa.
A cewar hukumar, kafin killace Leningrad, an kwashe mutane 488,000 daga birnin, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira 147,500 da suka isa can. A ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1941, an katse hanyar sadarwa tsakanin Leningrad da sauran Tarayyar Soviet, kuma a ranar 8 ga Satumba, an dakatar da sadarwa a cikin teku. Wannan kwanan wata ce ta zama farkon tashar da aka toshe garin.
Kwanakin farko na toshewar Leningrad
Ta hanyar umarnin Hitler, rundunarsa za su ɗauki Leningrad a cikin zobe kuma a kai a kai su harbe shi daga manyan makamai. Jamusawa sun yi niyyar sannu a hankali su sanya zobe kuma hakan ya hana garin samun wadata.
Fuhrer ya yi tunanin cewa Leningrad ba zai iya jure wa dogayen dogon lokaci ba kuma zai mika wuya da sauri. Bai ma iya tunanin cewa duk shirin da ya shirya zai gaza ba.
Labarin katanga na Leningrad ya kunyata Jamusawa, waɗanda ba sa son kasancewa cikin ƙangin sanyi. Don taƙawa sojoji rai, Hitler ya bayyana ayyukansa ta hanyar rashin son ɓata albarkatun ɗan adam da fasaha na Jamus. Ya kara da cewa ba da daɗewa ba yunwa za ta fara a cikin garin, kuma mazaunan za su mutu kawai.
Daidai ne a ce, har zuwa wani lokaci, Jamusawa ba su da riba don miƙa wuya, tunda za su wadata fursunonin abinci, kodayake a cikin mafi ƙanƙanci. Hitler, akasin haka, ya ƙarfafa sojoji su yi ruwan bama-bamai ba tare da tausayi ba, suna lalata fararen hula da duk abubuwan more rayuwa.
Bayan lokaci, babu makawa tambayoyin sun tashi kan ko zai yiwu a guje wa mummunan sakamakon da toshewar Leningrad ya kawo.
A yau, tare da takardu da shaidun gani da ido, babu shakka cewa Leningraders ba su da damar tsira idan sun yarda su ba da garin bisa radin kansu. Nazi ba sa bukatar fursunoni.
Rayuwa ta kewaye Leningrad
Da gangan gwamnatin Soviet ba ta bayyana wa masu toshe ainihin hoton halin da ake ciki ba, don kar a lalata ruhinsu da begen samun ceto. Bayani game da yadda yakin ya gudana an gabatar da shi a takaice kamar yadda ya kamata.
Ba da daɗewa ba, an sami babban ƙarancin abinci a cikin garin, sakamakon haka an yi wata babbar yunwa. Ba da daɗewa ba wutar lantarki ta ƙare a Leningrad, sannan kuma samar da ruwa da magudanan ruwa ba su da tsari.
Garin yana cikin ruwan harsasai mai ɗorewa. Mutane suna cikin mawuyacin hali na zahiri da na hankali. Kowa ya nemi abinci gwargwadon iko, yana kallon yadda mutane da yawa ko ɗaruruwan mutane ke mutuwa ta rashin abinci mai gina jiki kowace rana. A farkon farawa, 'yan Nazi sun sami damar yin ruwan bama-bamai a kantunan Badayev, inda aka kona sukari, gari da man shanu a cikin wuta.
Leningraders tabbas sun fahimci abin da suka rasa. A wancan lokacin, kimanin mutane miliyan 3 ne ke zaune a Leningrad. Wadatar garin ya dogara ne kacokam kan kayayyakin da aka shigo dasu, wadanda daga baya aka kawo su ta hanyar mashahurin Hanyar Rai.
Mutane sun karɓi burodi da wasu kayayyakin ta hanyar raba su, suna tsaye a manyan layuka. Koyaya, Leningraders sun ci gaba da aiki a masana'antu, yara kuma sun tafi makaranta. Daga baya, shaidun gani da ido waɗanda suka tsira daga shingen sun yarda cewa galibi waɗanda suke yin wani abu sun sami damar rayuwa. Kuma waɗancan mutanen da suke son adana makamashi ta hanyar zama a gida galibi suna mutuwa a cikin gidajensu.
Hanyar rai
Hanyar hanyar da ta hade tsakanin Leningrad da sauran duniya ita ce Lake Ladoga. Kai tsaye gefen tekun, kayayyakin da aka kawo cikin hanzari aka sauke su, tunda Jamusawa suna harbawa Rayuwar rai.
Sojojin Soviet sun sami nasarar kawo wani ɗan ƙaramin abinci, amma ba don wannan ba, ƙimar mutuwar mutanen gari za ta ninka haka sau da yawa.
A lokacin hunturu, lokacin da jiragen ruwa ba sa iya kawo kaya, manyan motoci suna kai abinci kai tsaye ta ƙetaren kankara. Wani abin ban sha’awa shi ne, manyan motoci suna ɗauke da abinci zuwa cikin gari, kuma ana ta dawo da mutane. A lokaci guda, motoci da yawa sun faɗo daga kankarar sun tafi ƙasan.
Gudummawar yara don 'yantar da Leningrad
Yaran sun amsa cike da ɗoki ga kiran taimako daga hukumomin yankin. Sun tattara ƙarafan ƙarfe don ƙera kayan sojoji da bawo, kwantena don haɗuwa mai haɗuwa, tufafi masu ɗumi na Red Army, sannan kuma sun taimaka wa likitocin a asibitoci.
Mutanen suna kan aiki a saman rufin gine-gine, suna shirye don kashe bama-bamai masu ruruta wuta a kowane lokaci kuma ta haka ne suke kiyaye gine-ginen daga wuta. "Saƙonnin rufin Leningrad" - irin wannan laƙabin da suka samu tsakanin mutane.
A lokacin da, yayin tashin bam din, kowa ya gudu don ya rufe, "masu aika aikar", akasin haka, suka hau kan rufin don kashe baƙuwar baƙuwa. Bugu da kari, yara masu gajiya da gajiya sun fara yin harsasai a kan lathes, hakar ramuka da gina kagarai daban-daban.
A tsawon shekarun da aka yi wa kawanyar Leningrad, yara da yawa sun mutu, waɗanda, tare da ayyukansu, sun yi wa manya da sojoji kwarin gwiwa.
Ana shirya don yanke hukunci
A lokacin bazara na 1942, an nada Leonid Govorov a matsayin kwamandan dukkan sojojin Leningrad Front. Ya yi nazarin dabaru daban-daban na dogon lokaci kuma ya kirkiro lissafi don inganta tsaro.
Govorov ya canza wurin da makaman atilare suke, wanda ya ƙara yawan harbi a wuraren abokan gaba.
Hakanan, Nazis dole ne suyi amfani da ƙarin ammonium don yaƙi da manyan makaman Soviet. Sakamakon haka, bawo ya fara fadowa kan Leningrad kusan sau 7 ƙasa da haka.
Kwamandan ya yi kyakkyawan shiri don tsarawa ta hanyar kutsawa cikin Leningrad, a hankali ya janye rukunin mutane daga layin gaba don horar da mayaka.
Gaskiyar ita ce, Jamusawan sun zauna a banki mai tsawon mita 6, wanda ruwa ya mamaye shi kwata-kwata. A sakamakon haka, gangaren sun zama kamar tsaunukan kankara, wadanda ke da wahalar hawa.
A lokaci guda, sojojin Rasha sun shawo kan kusan 800 m tare da daskararren kogin zuwa wurin da aka tsara.
Tunda sojoji sun raunana saboda tsawan shingayen, a yayin harin Govorov ya ba da umarnin a guji ihu "Hurray !!!" don kar a sami ƙarfi. Madadin haka, cin zarafin da aka yi wa Red Army ya faru ne don kiɗan mawaƙa.
Haɓakawa da ɗage shingen Leningrad
Umurnin cikin gida ya yanke shawarar fara kutsawa cikin zoben shingen a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1943. An ba wa wannan aikin suna "Iskra". Harin sojojin na Rasha ya fara ne da luguden wuta na dogon lokaci na ganuwar Jamus. Bayan haka, 'yan Nazi sun fuskanci jefa bamabamai.
Horon, wanda aka kwashe sama da watanni, ba a banza ba. Asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahun sojojin Soviet ta kasance kaɗan. Bayan mun isa wurin da aka tanada, sojojinmu tare da taimakon "kagaggun katako", zane-zane da dogayen matakala, da sauri suka hau bangon kankara, suna shiga yaƙi da abokan gaba.
A safiyar ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1943, taron gamayyar rukunin Soviet ya gudana a yankin arewacin Leningrad. Tare sun 'yantar da Shlisselburg tare da dauke shingen daga gabar tafkin Ladoga. Cikakken ɗaga shingen Leningrad ya faru a ranar Janairu 27, 1944.
Sakamakon toshewa
A cewar masanin falsafar siyasa Michael Walzer, "Farar hula da yawa sun mutu a kawanyar Leningrad fiye da jahannama na Hamburg, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima da Nagasaki haɗe."
A tsawon shekarun da aka yi wa kawanyar Leningrad, a cewar wasu kafofin, daga mutane 600,000 zuwa miliyan 1.5 suka mutu. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kawai 3% daga cikinsu sun mutu daga harbin bindiga, yayin da sauran kashi 97% suka mutu saboda yunwa.
Saboda mummunan yunwar da ke cikin garin, an yi rikodin al'amuran cin naman mutane, duka na mutuwar mutane da kuma sakamakon kisan kai.
Hoton kawanyar Leningrad
