Dangane da asalin yawancin manyan biranen Turai, Odessa ta yi kama da yarinya - shekarunta sun haura 200. Amma a wannan lokacin, wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin wani yanki a gabar Bahar Maliya ya juya zuwa birni mai yawan mazauna miliyan, babbar tashar jirgin ruwa da cibiyar masana'antu.
Wani son zuciya a cikin kasuwanci, halayyar dukkan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa, a Odessa, saboda tsarin kasuwanci na 'yanci da kuma Paungiyar Mafita wanda ke aiki a ƙarni na 19, ya sami sikelin hauhawar jini kuma ya rinjayi ƙabilun yawan jama'a. A cikin Yankin Bahar Maliya, ko'ina yana da launuka masu kyau, amma Odessa ta fita dabam da asalin wannan bambancin. A zahiri, birni ya haɓaka halaye na kansa, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar tunani, ɗabi'a da yare.
Ta hanyar kokarin marubutan marubuta da yawa, masu raha da barkwanci da masu zane-zane, Odessa da alama birni ne mai sauki, wanda mazaunanta aka haife su ne kawai don rage ko sasantawa a kan Privoz, su fito da wani sabon labari ko kuma su zama gwarzo, kuyi nishi game da ni'imar tashar Franco kuma ku nuna kamar kuna jin haushin wautar masu hutun. Duk wannan ana yin ta ta amfani da cakuda harsuna tare da lafazin da ake ɗauka Ibrananci.
Moldavanka ɗayan ɗayan gundumomi ne masu ban sha'awa na Odessa
Shari'ar wata kila babu irinta a tarihin duniya: fitattun 'yan asalin garin, watakila sun fara ne da Ishaku Babel, sun yi komai don bayyana Odessa a matsayin garin da ke zaune tare da wasu masu farin ciki iri daban-daban (akwai kuma rawar "maraƙin bakin ciki") da ɓarayi masu bambancin digiri da tsawwalawa. Kuma yaya game da ƙungiyoyi tare da kalmar "Odessa" riga a zamanin yau? Zhvanetsky, Kartsev, "Nunin Masks". Kamar dai babu Suvorov, De Ribasov, Richelieu, Vorontsov, Witte, Stroganov, Pushkin, Akhmatova, Inber, Korolev, Mendeleev, Mechnikov, Filatov, Dovzhenko, Carmen, Marinesko, Obodzinsky da ɗaruruwan wasu, ba sanannun mutanen da aka haifa ba kuma wanda ya rayu a Odessa.
Hakanan alkaluman silima sun gwada. Odessa ba ta ɓace daga fuska ba, tana matsayin babbar shimfidar wuri a cikin almara da yawa game da 'yan fashi, ɓarayi da mahara. Shirye-shiryen tarihi da aka shirya game da gaskiyar abin da ya kewaye Odessa ya riƙe tsaro na tsawon kwanaki 73, fiye da duk Faransa, ba shi da ban sha'awa ga kowa. Amma gaba dayan Faransa sun sanya hannu kan abin kunya, kuma Odessa bai taba mika wuya ba. An kwashe masu kare ta zuwa Crimea. Latterarshen sun bar garin cikin duhun dare, suna jagorantar kansu ta hanyoyin da aka yayyafa su da alli. Maimakon haka, abin da aka sani - mayaƙan ƙarshe sun kasance cikin matsayi har abada, suna kwaikwayon kasancewar sojoji. Kaico, a cikin sanannun al'adu, uwar Odessa ta kayar da Odessa-birni-gwarzo. Mun yi ƙoƙari mu tattara wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da labarai game da Odessa, yana nuna tarihin garin daga mahangar kirkirar ra'ayi.
1. Babban haifaffen likitan ido, masanin ilimi Vladimir Filatov an haife shi a lardin Penza na Rasha, amma tarihinsa a matsayin likita da masanin kimiyya yana da alaƙa da Odessa. Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Moscow, ya koma babban birnin kudu. Yana aiki a asibiti a Jami'ar Novorossiysk, da sauri ya shirya kuma ya kare babban sikelin (sama da shafuka 400) na karatun digiri. Na dogon lokaci, masanin kimiyyar yayi aiki akan matsalolin keratoplasty - dasawa ga idanuwan ido. A kan hanya, Filatov ya haɓaka hanyoyin warkewa iri-iri. Babban nasarar ta same shi ne a shekarar 1931, lokacin da ya sami damar dasa wata gawarwakin gawarwakin wanda aka kiyaye shi a yanayin zafi kadan. Masanin kimiyya bai tsaya a nan ba. Ya haɓaka fasahar dasawa wanda kusan duk wani likitan likita zai iya gwaninta. A cikin Odessa, ya kirkiro tashar motar asibiti da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Ido. Marasa lafiya sun zo ganin fitaccen likita daga ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Filatov da kansa ya yi tiyata dubu da yawa, kuma ɗalibansa suna da ɗaruruwan dubban ayyukan tiyata masu nasara. A cikin Odessa, an kafa wani abin tarihi don girmama Vladimir Filatov kuma an ba da suna. An bude gidan kayan tarihin a cikin gidan da ke Boulevard na Faransa, inda V. Filatov ya zauna.
V. Filatov Institute kuma abin tunawa ga babban masanin kimiyya
2. Gaskiyar cewa Joseph De Ribas ne ya kafa Odessa sanannu har ma ga mutanen da ke nesa da tarihin Odessa. Amma a cikin tarihin garin akwai wasu mutane masu wannan sunan - dangin Yusufu wanda ya kirkiro shi. Kaninsa Felix shi ma ya yi aiki a sojojin Rasha (kaninsa na uku, Emmanuel, shi ma ya yi aiki a ciki, amma ya mutu a Isma'ilu). Bayan ya yi ritaya a 1797, ya zo sabon Odessa. Felix De Ribas mutum ne mai himma sosai. Ya sami nasarar kawo jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje na farko zuwa Odessa wanda ba a san shi ba. Karami De Ribas ya inganta rassan aikin gona da suka kasance sababbi ga Rasha, kamar saƙar siliki. A lokaci guda, Felix bashi da cikakken sha'awa kuma yayi kama da baƙar fata tunkiya a cikin jami'an. Bugu da ƙari, ya ƙirƙiri Gidan Aljanna a kan kuɗin sa. Felix De Ribas ya sami farin jini musamman a tsakanin mutanen gari yayin annobar annoba, yana ba da son kai don yaƙar annobar. Jikan Felix Alexander De Ribas ya rubuta sanannen tarin labaran "Littafin game da" Tsohuwar Odessa ", wanda a lokacin rayuwar marubucin ake kira" The Bible of Odessa ".
Felix De Ribas, kamar ɗan'uwansa, ya yi aiki da yawa don amfanin Odessa
3. Tun yana dan shekara 10 matukin jirgin sama na farko Mikhail Efimov ya zauna a Odessa. Bayan horo a Faransa tare da Anri Farman, Efimov a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1910 daga filin Odessa hippodrome ya yi jirgin farko a Rasha ta jirgin sama. Fiye da 'yan kallo 100,000 ne suka kalle shi. Darajar Efimov ta kai kololuwa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, wanda ya ratsa ta matuƙin jirgin sama na soja, ya zama cikakken George Knight. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba na 1917, Mikhail Efimov ya shiga cikin Bolsheviks. Ya sami nasarar tsira daga fursunonin Jamusawa da ɗaurin kurkuku, amma 'yan uwansa ba su ba da matuƙin jirgin saman Rasha na farko ba. A watan Agusta 1919, Mikhail Efimov aka harbe shi a Odessa, inda ya yi jirgin sa na farko.
Mikhail Efimov kafin ɗayan jiragen farko
4. A cikin 1908, a cikin Odessa, Valentin Glushko an haife shi cikin dangin ma'aikaci. Tarihin sa ya nuna saurin yadda makomar mutane ta canza a wadancan shekarun (idan, tabbas, sun sami nasarar rayuwa). A cikin shekaru 26 na farko na rayuwarsa, Valentin Glushko ya sami nasarar kammala karatunsa daga wata makaranta ta ainihi, makarantar sakandare a ajin goge, makarantar koyan sana'a, karatun a Kimiyyar lissafi da Lissafi na Jami'ar Leningrad, ya zama shugaban sashin injiniyoyi na Gas-Dynamic Laboratory kuma, a ƙarshe, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban wani sashe a Cibiyar Nazarin Jet. Tun daga 1944, Glushko ne ya jagoranci ofishin kera zane, wanda ya kirkiro injina don hada-hada sannan kuma zuwa sararin samaniya. Shahararren roka R-7, wanda Yuri Gagarin ya hau zuwa sararin samaniya, shine gwanin Glushkov Design Bureau. Gabaɗaya, Soviet, da yanzu Rasha, cosmonautics sune, da farko, roket da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Valentin Glushko, da farko a ofishin ƙirar sa, sannan a cikin ƙungiyar bincike da samar da Energia.
Bust na masanin kimiyya Glushko a kan hanyar da ake kira da shi a Odessa
5. Saboda yawan stratum na Jamusawa, giya a Odessa ta kasance shahararren farko. Akwai bayanin cewa giyar Odessa kanta ta riga ta bayyana a cikin 1802, amma ƙananan, kusan giya da giya ba su iya yin gasa tare da giyar da aka shigo da ita ba. Kawai a cikin 1832 ɗan kasuwa Koshelev ya buɗe babban kamfanin giya na farko a Moldavank. Tare da ci gaban birni, wuraren shayarwa sun haɓaka, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 19, masu samar da kayayyaki daban-daban suna samar da miliyoyin lita na giya. Mafi girman furodusa shine Austrian Friedrich Jenny, wanda shima ya mallaki babbar giyar garin. Koyaya, giya ta Enny tayi nesa da kasancewa mallakinta. Samfurori na Kamfanin Hadin Gwiwar Rasha na Kudancin Breweries, kamfanin Kemp Brewery da sauran masana'antun sun yi nasarar fafatawa da shi. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa tare da dukkanin masu kerawa da nau'ikan giya, kusan dukkanin giyar giya a cikin Odessa an rufe su da hular da Issak Levenzon ya samar, wanda kuma shi ne babban ma'ajin majami'ar.
6. A ƙarshen karni na 20 Odessa shine hedkwatar ɗayan manyan kamfanonin jigilar kaya a duniya. Mafi dacewa, jirgi mafi girma a cikin Turai kuma na biyu dangane da yawan lamuran duniya. Tare da tan miliyan 5 na nauyin nauyi, Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Bahar Maliya zai kasance ɗayan manyan kamfanoni goma na jigilar kaya a cikin shekaru 30, har ma da la'akari da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sabbin kayan kwantena da tankar mai sun ƙara haɓaka matsakaicin matsuguni na jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci. Wataƙila rugujewar Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Bahar Maliya wata rana za a haɗa shi a cikin littattafai a matsayin misali na cinikin masu kai tsaye. Babban kamfanin ya lalace a daidai lokacin da isar da fitarwa daga sabuwar Ukraine mai zaman kanta ke ci gaba da saurin fashewar abubuwa. Idan aka yi la'akari da takaddun, ba zato ba tsammani safarar teku ya zama mara amfani ga Ukraine. Don ɗaukar nauyin waɗannan asara, an ba da hayar jiragen ruwa ga kamfanonin ƙetare. Waɗannan, sake yin hukunci da takaddun, suma sun kawo asara. An kama jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa kuma an sayar da su don dinari. Tsawon shekaru 4, daga 1991 zuwa 1994, manyan jirage 300 sun daina wanzuwa.
7. A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1945, jirgin ruwan Soviet mai lamba S-13, wanda Lieutenant Commander Alexander Marinesko ya jagoranta, suka kai hari tare da nitsewa daya daga cikin alamun jirgin ruwan na Jamus, mai linzamin jirgin ruwa Wilhelm Gustloff. Jirgi ne mafi girma da jirgin ruwan Soviet ya nitse a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa. Kwamandan jirgin ruwan, dan asalin Odessa Marinesko ne, aka ba shi taken Jarumi na Tarayyar Soviet. Marinesco yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka ce game da “raɗaɗi game da teku”. Ba tare da ya kammala makarantar shekaru bakwai ba, ya zama mai koyon aikin jirgin ruwa kuma ya fara rayuwar teku kyauta. Koyaya, idan komai yana cikin tsari tare da rayuwar teku a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, to akwai wasu matsaloli game da 'yanci. Yana dan shekara 17, a shekarar 1930, an tilastawa Alexander ya kammala karatun sa a makarantar koyon fasaha. A ƙarshen makarantar koyon fasaha, an shirya mutumin mai shekaru 20 kuma an tura shi zuwa kwasa-kwasan ma'aikatan sojan ruwa. Bayan su, Alexander Marinesko, wanda ya yi mafarkin tafiya mai nisa a kan jiragen ruwa, ya zama kwamandan jirgin ruwa na karkashin ruwa. Irin wannan lokacin ne - ɗan IV Stalin, Yakov Dzhugashvili, shima ya yi mafarkin gina hanyoyi, amma dole ne ya je makaman ɓerarin. Marinesko ya je jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa, inda aka ba shi Umarni biyu na Red Star da Umurnin Lenin (ya karɓi taken Jarumi na Tarayyar Soviet bayan rasuwarsa a 1990). A cikin Odessa, an ba da asalin zuriyar da makarantar koyar da ruwa ta jirgin ruwa bayan shahararren jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa. A farkon Hawan Marinesko akwai abin tunawa ga gwarzo-jirgin-karkashin-ruwa. An sanya alamomin tunawa a makarantar da ya yi karatu da kuma a gidan da ke kan titin Sofievskaya, inda Marinesko ya zauna tsawon shekaru 14.
Abin tunawa ga Alexander Marinesco
8. Mota ta farko ta bayyana a titunan Odessa a cikin 1891. A cikin St. Petersburg, wannan ya faru shekaru huɗu bayan haka, kuma a cikin Moscow, shekaru takwas daga baya. Bayan wani rudani, hukumomin yankin suka fahimci fa'idar da sabon jigilar zai iya kawowa. Tuni a cikin 1904, masu motoci 47 sun biya haraji don motocin da suke tuka kansu - 3 rubles ga kowane ƙarfin injin injin. Dole ne in ce, hukumomi suna da lamiri. Ofarfin injiniya ya ƙaru ci gaba, amma an rage yawan harajin. A cikin 1912, an biya ruble 1 don kowace ƙarfin doki. A cikin 1910, kamfanin tasi na farko ya fara aiki a Odessa, yana ɗaukar fasinjoji akan 8 American "Humbers" da 2 "Fiats". Mili na gudu yana biyan kopecks 30, a cikin tafiyar minti 4 - kopecks 10. Lokutan sun kasance makiyaya sosai har sun rubuta kai tsaye a cikin tallan: ee, jin daɗi ya yi tsada sosai a yanzu. A cikin 1911 aka kafa Kamfanin Motsa Motar Odessa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, masu motocin Odessa sun zama sanannu saboda cewa a yayin sadaka da 'yar'uwar Firayim Minista Sergei Witte, Yulia ta shirya, sun tara RUB dubu 30,000 don yaki da tarin fuka. Da wannan kuɗin ne aka buɗe sanatorium na Furen Fure.
Daya daga cikin motocin farko a Odessa
9. An buɗe kantin magani na farko a Odessa shekaru biyu bayan kafa garin. Rabin karni bayan haka, shagunan sayar da magani guda 16 suka yi aiki a cikin gari, kuma a farkon karni na ashirin - shagunan sayar da magani 50 da kantin sayar da kantin 150 (kusan analog na wani kantin magani na Amurka, don yawancin ba sayar da magunguna bane, amma ƙananan kaya ne). A yawancin lokuta ana sanyawa kantin magani sunayen masu su. An sanya wa wasu kantin magunguna sunayen titunan da suke. Don haka, akwai magunguna "Deribasovskaya", "Sofiyskaya" da "Yamskaya".
10. Kodayake tarihin Shustov cognacs bai fara a Odessa ba, amma a Armenia, shine mallakar ta “N. Shustov tare da 'ya'yansa maza "na wuraren ciniki da samar da kayan" Kawance na Baƙin Black Sea a Odessa ". An yi tallan Cognac "Shustov" a cikin shekarar 1913 kamar yadda ake yin vodka shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Matasa masu daraja a gidajen abinci sun nemi a ba cognac ɗin na Shustov kuma sun bayyana tsananin damuwa a rashi. Gaskiya ne, idan ɗaliban da suka tallata vodka na Shustov vodka nan da nan suka yi faɗa, masu tallata alamar sun keɓe kansu ga gabatar da katin kasuwanci tare da adireshin mai sayarwa.
11. Gwanin gwanin gwanin gwanin violin, malami kuma madugu David Oistrakh ya fara a Odessa. Oistrakh an haife shi ne a babban birnin kudu a cikin 1908 a cikin dangin dangi. Ya fara kunna goge yana da shekara 5 a karkashin jagorancin shahararren malamin nan Pyotr Stolyarevsky, wanda daga baya ya shirya wata makarantar musamman ta kide-kide don baiwa masu fasahar goge. Yana dan shekara 18, Oistrakh ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Kide-kide da wake-wake ta Odessa kuma ya fara aikin mawaki. Shekara guda daga baya, ya yi a Kiev, sannan ya koma Moscow. Oistrakh ya zama shahararren mai wasan kwaikwayo a duniya, amma bai taɓa mantawa da mahaifarsa da kuma malamai ba. Tare da Stolyarevsky, sun kawo wasu fitattun masu goge goge. A kowane ziyarar da ya yi zuwa Odessa, Oistrakh, wanda aka tsara jadawalinsa na shekaru masu zuwa, tabbas ya ba da shagali kuma ya yi magana da matasa mawaƙa. An sanya alamun tarihi a gidan da aka haife mawaƙin (titin I. Bunin, 24).
David Oistrakh akan mataki
12. Marshal na Tarayyar Soviet Rodion Malinovsky, wanda aka haifa a Odessa, yana da damar barin ta sau da yawa kuma ya koma garinsu. Mahaifin kwamandan na gaba ya mutu kafin haihuwarsa, kuma mahaifiya, wacce ta yi aure, ta ɗauki yaron zuwa lardin Podolsk. Koyaya, Rodion ko dai ya tsere daga can, ko kuma yana cikin rikici tare da mahaifin mahaifinsa har aka aika shi zuwa Odessa ga mahaifiyarsa. Malinovsky ya fara aiki a shagon wani ɗan kasuwa a matsayin ɗan aiki, wanda ya ba da damar karantawa (ɗan kasuwar da Malinovsky ya yi wa aiki yana da babban ɗakin karatu) har ma ya koyi Faransanci. Tare da ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Rodion ya tsere zuwa gaba, inda ya ɓarke duka yaƙin, kuma rabi na biyu a cikin rukunin Rasha a Faransa. A karshen yakin, Malinovsky ya bi hanyar sojoji, kuma zuwa 1941 ya riga ya kasance babban janar, kwamandan wata kungiyar masu bautar kasa a gundumar soja ta Odessa. A cikin wannan shekarar, tare da Red Army, ya bar Odessa, amma ya dawo don yantar da ita a cikin 1944. A cikin garin Malinovsky, abu na farko da ya yi shi ne neman mijin mahaifiyarsa, wanda bai san mai martaba ba. Rodion Yakovlevich ya hau kan mukamin marshal da matsayin ministan tsaro, amma bai manta da Odessa ba. Lokaci na karshe da ya kasance a garinsu shi ne a shekarar 1966 kuma ya nuna wa dangin gidan da yake zaune da kuma wurin da ya yi aiki. A cikin Odessa, an kafa tsintsiyar marshal, don girmama R. Ya. Malinovsky ɗayan titinan birni an sa masa suna.
Bust na Marshal Malinovsky a cikin Odessa
