Labarin cikin baiti "Eugene Onegin" ya zama ainihin juyin juya halin a cikin adabin Rasha. Kuma daga ra'ayi na mãkirci, kuma daga ra'ayi na harshe, kuma a matsayin hanyar nuna kai tsaye na marubucin, "Eugene Onegin" ba shi da alamun analog a cikin adabin Rasha. Ya isa karanta littattafan waƙoƙi waɗanda magabatan Pushkin suka ƙirƙira don fahimtar cewa duk maganganun game da ci gaban adabin Rasha, waɗanda Soviet ke so, da farko dai, sukar, ba komai ba ne face dacewa da shaidar ga ƙaddarar sakamako.
Aikin da aka rubuta - ba tare da wani tanadi ba, ba shakka - a cikin yaren mai rai ya sha bamban da misalan da aka riga aka samu. Masu sukar ra'ayi, waɗanda suka tsinkaye "Eugene Onegin" a maimakon haka, suka zargi Pushkin da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar haɗa kalmomin "baƙauye" da "cin nasara" a layi ɗaya - kalma gama gari, bisa ga ma'anar waƙoƙin lokacin, ba za a iya haɗa ta da babban kalmar aikatau "don yin nasara". Ba za a iya amfani da kalmar "ƙura mai sanyi zuwa azurfa baƙar sa ta belar ba" a cikin waƙa kwata-kwata, domin abin wuya na bea abu ne mara daɗi, Orestes, Zeus, ko Achilles ne ba su sa shi ba.
Rabobi biyar a kowane babi + kopecks 80 don jigilar kaya. Idan da Stephen King yayi karatun ta natsu game da tarihin adabin Rasha, da zai zama mafi wadata
"Eugene Onegin" ya zama nasara gaba ɗaya ta fuskar makirci, a cikin yarensa, kuma a gaskiyar cewa marubucin, yana bayyana halayen, ba ya jin tsoron bayyana ra'ayinsa. Pushkin ba wai kawai ya bayyana wani makirci ba ne, amma kuma ya tabbatar da ci gabansa, ya bayyana ayyukan halayyar a hankali. Kuma duk tsarin marubucin ya ta'allaka ne akan tushe mai ƙarfi na ilimin rayuwar yau da kullun, ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin dokoki waɗanda ba su da gudummawa ga halaye masu zaman kansu na jarumai. Ga bukatar Onegin don zuwa ƙauye, kuma "An ba ni wani", kuma "Loveauna ta wuce, gidan tarihi ya bayyana". Kuma a lokaci guda Pushkin yana so ya nuna cewa nufin mutum yana nufin wani abu. Ana ganin wannan a fili a cikin layin, waɗanda suke, kamar yadda yake, epitaph ne na Lensky.
Anan ga wasu tabbatattun abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa don fahimtar ɗayan manyan ayyukan adabin Rasha da tarihin halittarta:
1. Pushkin bashi da ra'ayin makirci ko ɗaya don "Eugene Onegin". A daya daga cikin wasikun, ya koka da cewa Tatiana ta “gudu” tare da shi - ta yi aure. Koyaya, baiwar mawaƙin tana da girma ƙwarai da gaske cewa aikin yana da ƙarfi, kamar mai ƙarfin gaske. Halin Pushkin na “tarin surori masu launuka daban-daban” yana nuni ne ga tarihin lokacin ɗab’i, saboda kowane babi an buga shi daban.
2. Kudin AS Pushkin don almara a cikin baiti ya kai dubu 12,000. Wato, ga kowane layi (akwai kawai sama da 7,500), mawaƙin ya karɓi kusan 1.5 rubles. Yana da wuya a lissafa ainihin kwatankwacin abin da Pushkin ya samu a cikin rubles na yau - duka farashin da farashin sun bambanta. Idan muka ci gaba daga farashin kayan abinci mai sauƙi, yanzu Pushkin zai karɓi kusan miliyan 11-12. Mawaki ya kwashe sama da shekaru 7 yana rubuta littafin.
3. Sau da yawa zaka iya cin karo da maganar cewa Pushkin yayi kyakkyawan bayanin yadda rayuwar yau da kullun ta wadancan shekarun take. Belinsky yayi rubutu game da labarin gabaɗaya azaman encyclopedia na rayuwar Rasha. Akwai cikakkun bayanai game da layin rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin Eugene Onegin, amma tuni rabin karni bayan wallafa littafin, yawancin fasalin rayuwar yau da kullun sun zama marasa fahimta ga masu karatu.
4. Memoirs da wasiku na masu zamani suna ba da shaidar ingancin halayyar kwastomomin bayanin haruffa a cikin "Eugene Onegin". A zahiri mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa Alexander Sergeevich ya “yi musu rajista” a cikin littafin. Amma mashahuri Wilhelm Küchelbecker ya tafi mafi nisa. A cewar Kyukhli, Pushkin ya nuna kansa a cikin hoton Tatiana.
5. Duk da cewa an kawo karshen Kuchelbecker nesa ba kusa ba, Pushkin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffan labarin nasa. Kuma wannan shine ladabi na musamman na aikin. Marubucin koyaushe yana shiga da maganganunsa, bayani da bayaninsa, har ma inda ba a buƙatarsa sam. Yawo, Pushkin ya sami izgili game da kyawawan al'adun, da bayyana ayyukan jarumai, da kuma sadarwa game da halayen sa game da su. Kuma duk waɗannan tserewa suna da kyau sosai kuma ba sa yasar da labarin.
6. Bashi, alkawura, da sauransu, galibi ana ambata a cikin littafin, masifa ce ta ba kawai ta masu matsakaiciya ba, har da mawadata a tsawon shekarun littafin. Jiha ta kasance a kaikaice tana da laifi game da wannan: masu martaba sun karɓi kuɗi daga Bankin Jiha kan tsaro na ƙauyuka da masarauta. Lamunin ya ƙare - sun ɗauki sabon, don yanki na gaba ko "rayuka" na gaba. An kuma yi amfani da rancen masu zaman kansu a 10-12% a kowace shekara.
7. Onegin baiyi aiki a ko'ina ba har tsawon yini, wanda kawai akasance mai yiwuwa ne. Kamar yadda suka saba, hakimai sun tafi soja. Aikin farar hula, ban da yankuna da yawa kamar diflomasiyya, ba su da ƙima da daraja, amma kusan kowa ya yi aiki a wani wuri. Manyan mutane da suka yi murabus bayan shekaru da yawa na aiki ana kallon su a matsayin masu rauni a cikin al'umma kuma suna da adawa a cikin iko. Kuma a tashoshin gidan waya an basu mafi karancin dawakai, kuma na karshe amma ba kadan ba.
8. Babi na XXXIX a bangare na bakwai ba a rasa shi ba kuma ba a yin baƙar fata da takunkumi - Pushkin ya gabatar da shi don ƙarfafa ra'ayi game da tsawon tafiyar Larins zuwa Moscow.
9. Game da sufuri: tafi “da kan ka” - yi amfani da dawakai da amalanke. Dogo, amma mai araha. “A gidan waya” - don canza dawakai a tasoshin gidan waya na musamman, inda watakila babu su, kuma dokokin sun kasance tsaurara. Mafi tsada, amma gabaɗaya sauri. "Chargeungiyar fitarwa" - motar ƙasar ta wancan lokacin. "Boyarsky karusa" - karusar hawa. Lokacin da suka isa Moscow, an ɓoye abubuwan hawa kuma an ɗauki hayar motocin "wayewa".
Kasuwancin dusar ƙanƙara ba sa tsoro. Kuna iya gani nan da nan ...
10. Onegin yana tafiya tare da ragargaza akwatin da ƙarfe ɗaya saboda dalili. A wannan lokacin ne Emperor Alexander I yayi yawo mara sauyawa, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɗaruruwan wakilan duniya zuwa ga ɓarkewar duwatsu.
11. "Babu sauran wurin furci ..." fiye da ball. Tabbas, kusan kawai wurin da matasa zasu iya magana ba tare da kulawa ko kunnuwan kunne ba shine gidan rawa. Rike kwallaye da halayyar mahalarta an tsara su sosai (a cikin Fasali na 1, Onegin ya bayyana a ƙwallan a tsayin mazurka, ma'ana, ya makara mara izini), amma rawa ta sa ya yiwu, kamar yadda yake, don yin ritaya tsakanin taron masu hayaniya.
12. Wani bincike game da duhun Onegin tare da Lensky da kuma yanayin da ya gabace shi ya nuna cewa manajan duel din, Zaretsky, ya kasance saboda wasu dalilai yana sha'awar sakamakon zubar da jini. Dokokin sun umurci manajan da yayi ƙoƙari don samun sakamako cikin lumana a kowane ɗayan matakan da suka gabaci ainihin duel. Ko da a wurin yaƙin, bayan Onegin ya yi latti da awa ɗaya, Zaretsky na iya soke duel (dokokin ba su ba da izini ba fiye da minti 15). Kuma dokokin harbi da kanta - haɗuwa har zuwa matakai 10 - sun kasance mafi zalunci. A cikin irin wannan faɗa, duka mahalarta sau da yawa suna wahala.
13. Dangane da halayyar Onegin ga Lensky, wanda marubucin ya bayyana a matsayin soyayya, ba mu fahimci dalilin da ya sa Onegin bai yi girman kai ba harbi ba. Evgeny bashi da irin wannan hakkin. Harbi a cikin iska ya riga ya zama dalilin duel, saboda yana hana maƙiyi zaɓi - a wancan zamanin, abu ne da ba za a karɓa ba. Da kyau, kafin harbin Onegin, masu duelists sun taka matakai 9 (na farko 4, sannan 5 ƙarin), ma'ana, matakai 14 ne kawai suka rage tsakanin su - tazarar mutuwa idan fushin Lensky yayi ƙarfi.
10 matakai nesa ...
14. Matashi Onegin, da kyar ya isa St. Petersburg, yayi aski "a cikin sabon salo." To, gajeriyar aski ce a cikin salon Ingilishi, wanda masu gyaran gashi na Faransa suka ɗauki 5 rubles. Don kwatankwacin: dangin mallakar ƙasa, suna motsi don hunturu daga Nizhny Novgorod zuwa St. Matsakaicin matsakaita daga bafulatani ya kasance 20-25 rubles a shekara.
15. A cikin stanza X na Babi na 2, Pushkin ya yi wa waƙar izgili da waƙoƙin da aka saba da su a tsakanin mawaƙan gargajiya: “wata ya bayyana,” “Mai biyayya, mai sauƙin kai,” “mai nutsuwa, mai hankali,” “launi - shekaru,” da dai sauransu.
16. Littattafai an ambata a cikin littafin labari sau uku kawai, kuma waɗannan ayyukan marubuta 17 ne ba tare da wani tsari ba.
17. Jahilcin harshen Rashanci da mashahuran karni na 19 yanzu ya zama sananne. Don haka Patikin's Tatiana "ya san ɗan Rasha kaɗan." Amma ba haka ba ne mai sauki. Harshen yaren Rasha na adabi a lokacin ya kasance talaka sosai dangane da yawan ayyukan. Zamani ya ambaci “Tarihi” na Karamzin da ayyukan adabi da yawa, yayin da adabi a cikin harsunan waje ya bambanta.
18. Layin marar laifi game da garken jackdaws a kan giciyen cocin Moscow ya tayar da fushin Metropolitan Filaret, wanda ya rubuta game da wannan game da A. Kh. Benkendorf, wanda ke kula da takunkumi. "Mai tsananta wa Pushkin". Kundin binciken da shugaban reshen III ya kira ya fada wa Benckendorff cewa jackdaws da ke zaune a kan gicciye zai iya fadawa cikin ikon shugaban 'yan sanda fiye da wani mawaki ko takunkumi. Benckendorff bai caccaki Filaret ba kuma kawai ya rubuta cewa lamarin bai cancanci kulawar wannan babban matsayi ba.
A. Benckendorff ba ya daɗa yaduwa a kan Pushkin, yana biyan bashinsa kuma yana karewa a gaban coci ko takunkumi
19. Duk da buƙatun jama'a da fushin masu sukar (daga baya Belinsky a cikin wani mahimmin labarin ya yi tambayoyi 9 na magana a jere game da wannan), Pushkin bai kammala makircin Eugene Onegin ba. Kuma ba don ya yi niyyar rubuta "Eugene Onegin-2" ba. Tuni a cikin layukan da aka sadaukar don mutuwar Lensky, marubucin ya ƙi yarda da ƙaddarar kowace rayuwa. Ga kowane mai karatu, ƙarshen "Eugene Onegin" yakamata ya zama na mutum gwargwadon yadda yake fahimtar aikin.
20. Akwai zargin cewa akwai babi na 10 na "Eugene Onegin", wanda magoya baya suka tattara daga abubuwan da suka rage na Pushkin. Idan aka yi la’akari da abin da ya kunsa, masoyan mawaƙin ba su ji daɗin abubuwan da ke cikin babban ɓangaren littafin ba. Sun yi imani cewa Pushkin yana tsoron takurawa da danniya don haka suka lalata rubutun, wanda suka sami nasarar dawo da su ta hanyar aikin jaruntaka. A zahiri, “babin 10” na yanzu Eugene Onegin bai dace da ainihin rubutun labari ba.
