'Yan sanda na Amurka suna da rikici, kamar yadda wataƙila kowace hukuma ce ta tilasta doka a duniya. Thean sanda (suna kiran su cewa ko dai saboda taƙaitaccen Constable-On-the-Post, ko kuma saboda ƙarfen da aka yi alamomi ga jami'an 'yan sanda na farko, saboda tagulla a Turanci "jan ƙarfe") da gaske ba sa cin hanci. Kuna iya tambayar su kwatance ko samun kowane irin shawara a cikin ƙwarewar su. Suna “hidimtawa da karewa,” kamewa da hargitsi, suna bayyana a kotuna suna bayar da tarar akan hanyoyi.
A lokaci guda, 'yan sanda a Amurka cibiya ce da aka rufe daga jama'a, duk da ƙoƙarin da wannan al'ummar ke yi don yin aikinta a bayyane. Mummunan shari'ar jami'an 'yan sanda, wanda FBI ta bayyana ko kuma ta' yan jarida masu zurfin tunani, sun bayyana a kai a kai a jihohi daban-daban. Kuma lokacin da suka bayyana, sai ya bayyana cewa mutane da yawa suna da hannu a cikin al'ummomin 'yan sanda masu aikata laifi. Cin hancin na cikin dubunnan miliyoyin daloli. Akwai da dama daga cikin wadanda mafia ta shafa cikin bakaken tufafi. Amma badakalar ta gushe, wani fim game da halin da wani jami'in tsaro yake ciki ya fito a fuska, kuma wani saurayi da ke cikin hular da yake fitowa daga motar fari-shudi ya sake zama alama ta doka da oda. Yaya abin yake a zahiri, 'yan sandan Amurka?
1. Bayan hare-haren ta’addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumbar, 2001, Amurka ta zartar da wasu dokoki da suka kawo gyara ga hukumomin karfafa doka. Sun yi ƙoƙarin tattara su a ƙarƙashin rufin Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida aƙalla a matakin tarayya. Yayi mummunan aiki - banda IMB, "mallakan" jami'an tsaro sun kasance aƙalla a cikin ma'aikatu 4: tsaro, kuɗi, shari'a da sashin gidan waya. A matakin farko, komai ya kasance daya: 'yan sanda birni / gunduma,' yan sandan jihohi, tsarin tarayya. A lokaci guda, babu wani karko na tsaye na jikin 'yan sanda. Abun hulɗa a matakin kwance bashi da tsari sosai, kuma tashiwar mai laifi ɓoye zuwa yankin wata jihar yana taimaka matuka, idan ba don kaucewa ɗaukar nauyi ba, to dage shi. Don haka, 'yan sanda na Amurka dubbai ne daban-daban, suna haɗuwa kawai ta hanyar tarho da ɗakunan bayanai na yau da kullun.
2. A cewar Ma'aikatar Kididdiga ta Amurka, akwai jami'an 'yan sanda 807,000 a kasar. Koyaya, waɗannan bayanan a bayyane basu cika ba: akan gidan yanar gizon wannan Ma'aikatar Kididdiga guda ɗaya, a cikin sashin "Ayyuka iri ɗaya", akwai masu aikata laifuka waɗanda, misali, ɓangare ne na tsarin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida a Rasha kuma ana ƙidaya su tare da jami'an sintiri da janar-janar. Gabaɗaya, mutane 894,871 ne ke aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha.
3. Matsakaicin albashin dan sanda Ba’amurke a shekarar 2017 ya kasance $ 62,900 a kowace shekara, ko kuma $ 30.17 a kowace awa. Af, ana biyan coan sanda na ƙarin lokacin aiki tare da haɗin kai na 1.5, ma’ana, awa ɗaya na ƙarin aiki ya fi tsada sau ɗaya da rabi. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Los Angeles zai karbi $ 307,291 a cikin 2018, amma a cikin Los Angeles albashin' yan sanda ya fi na Amurka matsakaici - aƙalla $ 62,000. Haka hoto a cikin New York - ɗan sanda na yau da kullun tare da shekaru 5 na ƙwarewa yana sanya 100,000 a shekara.
4. Kar a maimaita kuskuren da masu fassarar fim suke yawan yi, wanda galibi ke kiran jami’an ‘yan sanda“ jami’i ”. Matsayinsu hakika "hafsa", amma wannan shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin policean sanda, kuma bai dace da ra'ayin Rasha na "jami'in" ba. Ya fi daidai a ce "jami'in 'yan sanda" ko kuma kawai "ɗan sanda". Kuma 'yan sanda suna da shugabanni da masu mukamai, amma babu wani bayyananniyar rarrabuwa zuwa masu zaman kansu da jami'ai - komai na iya tantance matsayin.
5. Yanayin shekarun baya-bayan nan: idan kafin yin aikin soja ya kasance abin kari yayin shigar yan sanda, yanzu ana yabawa da kwarewar yan sanda yayin neman aikin soja. A wasu jihohin, jami'an 'yan sanda, koda suna fuskantar barazanar korar su, sun ki yin aiki a wuraren da ake da matsala. Dole ne sassan 'yan sanda su gabatar da kari na musamman. "Fada" na iya kaiwa dala 10 a awa daya.
6. 'Yan sanda na Amurka suna yin, lokacin da aka kama su, su karanta wa mutumin da aka kama haƙƙinsa (abin da ake kira Dokar Miranda), kuma ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun yana ƙunshe da kalmomin samar da lauya kyauta. Dokar ba ta da bambanci sosai. Za a ba da lauya kafin a fara shari’ar. Yayin binciken farko, ba za ku iya samun taimakon lauya kyauta ba. Kuma an sanya wa Miranda Rule sunan wani mai laifi wanda lauya ya yi nasarar yanke hukuncin daga rai zuwa shekaru 30, yana mai cewa wanda yake karewa, kafin ya fara rubuta shafuka goma sha biyu na ikirarin gaskiya, ba a sanar da shi hakkinsa ba. Miranda ta yi shekara 9, an sake ta a kan sharaɗi, kuma bayan shekaru 4 an soki shi da wuka a cikin mashaya.
Ernesto Miranda
Yanzu wanda aka tsare za a karanta masa hakkinsa
7. A cikin Amurka babu kwatancenmu na kafa shaidu. Kotuna sun aminta da maganar dansandan, musamman shaidar da ke kan rantsuwa. Hukuncin kwanciya a kotu mai tsananin gaske ne - har zuwa shekaru 5 a kurkukun tarayya.
8. Aƙalla, kimanin policean sanda 50 yanzu suna mutuwa daga ayyukan ganganci ba bisa doka ba a shekara. A farkon 1980s, matsakaita jami'an 'yan sanda 115 suka mutu kowace shekara. Abinda yafi birgewa shine raguwar jami'an yan sanda 100,000 (adadi a Amurka yana karuwa cikin sauri) - 'yan sanda 7.3 ake kashewa kowace shekara akan 24 a 1980s.
9. Amma yan sanda kansu suna kashewa da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, babu ƙididdigar hukuma - kowane sashin 'yan sanda yana zaman kansa kuma yana bayar da ƙididdiga bisa buƙatar shugabanci. Dangane da ƙididdigar manema labaru, a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 21, kimanin mutane 400 ke mutuwa kowace shekara daga amfani da tashin hankali da policean sanda suka yi (ba wai kawai sun harbe Amurkawa ba, har ma waɗanda suka mutu daga wutar lantarki, daga matsalolin kiwon lafiya yayin tsarewa, da sauransu). Sannan gagarumar karuwa ta fara, kuma yanzu shekara guda masu kare doka da oda sun tura kusan mutane dubu zuwa duniya mai zuwa.
Ba a buƙatar maɗaurin sarka ...
10. Jami'in dan sanda bakar fata na farko a Amurka ya bayyana a farkon 1960s a Danville, Virginia. Bugu da ƙari, babu nuna bambanci a cikin haya - candidatesan takarar baƙar fata ba su wuce zaɓin ilimin ba (amma akwai rarrabuwar a cikin ilimi). Yanzu adadin 'yan sanda na New York ya yi daidai da bambancin launin fata na yawan mutanen garin: kusan rabin' yan sanda farare ne, sauran kuma daga 'yan tsiraru suke. Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Birnin Los Angeles ya dauki nauyin Makamin Kisa, wanda ke dauke da fararen fata da bakake‘ yan sanda masu aiki bibbiyu.
11. Mukamin shugaban ‘yan sanda a Amurka matsayi ne na siyasa kawai. A cikin kananan garuruwa, ana iya zaben shi ta hanyar jefa kuri'a gaba daya, a matsayin shugaban karamar hukuma ko kansilolin gari. Amma galibi magajin gari ne ke nada sarki. Wani lokaci tare da amincewar majalisar gari ko majalisar dokoki ta jiha, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar yanke shawara kawai.
12. Magajin garin New York na yanzu, Bill de Blasio, yana yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa na policean sanda ta hanyar asali. Jami'an 'yan sanda suna canza kwarewar su kowane bayan watanni 4. 'Yan sintiri sun zama masu bincike, yayin da waɗancan, akasin haka, ke zuwa goge hanyoyin da yin tuki da mota tare da "chandelier". Magajin gari ba zai iya iya hakan ba - saboda kokarin Rudolph Giuliani, aikata laifuka ya ragu matuka ta yadda Michael Bloomberg shima cikin kulawa ya yi wa'adi biyu a kujerar magajin garin, kuma ga Blasio, wasu daga cikin wannan alherin har yanzu suna nan. Adadin laifuffuka na kara hauhawa a hankali, amma matakin farkon shekarun 1990, lokacin da Giuliani ya fara yaki da aikata laifuka, har yanzu yana da nisa.
Bill de Blasio ya san abubuwa da yawa game da aikin 'yan sanda
13. Tsarin kamawa da sauran abubuwan jin dadi na ilimin lissafi sam ba su kirkirar 'yan sandan Soviet ko Rasha ba. A shekarar 2015, Jami’in ‘Yan Sanda na Birnin New York Edward Raymond ya ki aiwatar da wani shiri na yawan kame-kame da shugabanninsa suka yi. Ya bayyana cewa ana sanar da wannan adreshin ga kowane jami'in sintiri, ba tare da la'akari da yankin da yake aiki ba. Don ƙananan laifuka, baƙar fata ne kawai za a tsare. Sun yi ƙoƙari su rufe batun, amma Raymond baƙar fata ne, kuma kwamishinan 'yan sanda da magajin gari farare ne. A yayin rikicin kabilanci, dole ne hukumomi su kirkiro kwamitin bincike, amma har yanzu sakamakon aikinsa yana nan.
14. Ba da rahoto irin annoba ɗaya ce ta mutane tare da alamun octagonal, da kuma abokan aikinsu na Rasha. A kan matsakaici, yana ɗaukar awanni 3-4 don tsara ɗaurin ɗayan ƙaramin mai laifi. Idan har shari'ar ta zo da gaske fitina (kuma kusan kashi 5% na shari'oin sun zo gare ta), to kwanaki masu duhu zasu zo wa dan sanda.
15. Nauyin da ke kan 'yan sanda ya yi yawa, saboda haka duk waɗannan cavalcades na motoci masu fitilu masu walƙiya, sanannu daga fina-finai, ana gabatar da su ga kira ne kawai idan akwai "yanayin gaggawa". Misali, suna ta buga kofar ka a yanzu haka, da sauransu. Lokacin da ka kira cewa an sace maka wani abu a lokacin da ba ka nan, wasu 'yan sintiri za su zo a hankali, kuma wata kila ba yau ba.
16. ’Yan sanda sun yi ritaya bayan sun yi shekara 20 suna aiki, amma kusan kashi 70% na’ yan sanda ba su kammala ritaya ba. Suna zuwa kasuwanci, tsarin tsaro, sojoji ko kamfanonin soja masu zaman kansu. Amma idan ka gama hidimtawa, zaka samu kashi 80% na albashin.
17. A cikin Amurka akwai ofungiyar jami'an da ke magana da Rasha. Akwai mutane kusan 400 a ciki. Gaskiya ne, ba dukansu ke aiki a cikin policean sanda ba - alsoungiyar kuma tana karɓar ma'aikatan sauran jami'an tsaro na $ 25 a shekara.
18. Coan sanda suna karɓar sabbin darajoji na manya kawai a cikin runduna na musamman. Jami'an 'yan sanda na yau da kullun da suke son ɗaukaka aiki suna jiran guraben aiki, nema, yi jarabawa kuma suna jiran sakamako tare da ƙarin dozin masu nema. Kuma ba za ku sami damar canzawa zuwa matsayin da ba na shugaban ɓangaren maƙwabta ba - a yayin canja wurin, duk abin da kuka samu ya ɓace, dole ne ku fara daga farawa.
19. An ba wa jami'an tilasta bin dokokin Amurka damar samun kudi a gefe. Wannan gaskiya ne ga yan sanda a cikin hinterland. Ba da daidaiton kuɗaɗe ga 'yan sanda ta kowace hanya - nawa ne aka ba da karamar hukuma, da yawa za ta kasance. A cikin wannan Los Angeles, kasafin kuɗin sashen 'yan sanda bai kai dala biliyan 2 ba. Kuma a cikin wasu Iowa, shugaban sashen zai karɓi 30,000 a shekara kuma ya yi farin ciki cewa komai ya fi arha a nan fiye da New York. A cikin yankunan karkara na Florida (ba wuraren shakatawa kawai ba), shugaban 'yan sanda na iya ba da lada ga jami'in tare da rubutacciyar sanarwa tare da haɗa $ 20 na coupon zuwa gidan kafe mafi kusa.
20. A shekarar 2016, tsohon dan sanda John Dugan ya tsere zuwa Rasha daga Amurka. Yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar adalci, kamar Ba'amurke. Yayin da yake aiki a wani wurin shakatawa na miliyoyin mutane a Palm Beach, ya soki duk wani cin zarafin dan sanda da ya sani. Nan da nan aka kore shi daga aikinsa, kuma sanannen ƙungiyar 'yan sanda bai taimaka ba. Sheriff Bradshaw ya zama abokin gaba na Dugan. Bincike kan sashin sheriff yana karbar cin hanci daga 'yan siyasa da' yan kasuwa zai yi kama da hankali ko da a cikin fim din Hollywood. Ba 'yan sanda ko FBI suka bincika lamarin ba, amma kwamiti na musamman ne na mazauna Palm Beach da shugabannin siyasa. Ba a sami Bradshaw da wani laifi ba saboda gaskiyar cewa, a cewar bayanin nasa, bai san halaccin halaye irin wannan ba. Dugan bai huce ba, kuma ya kirkiri wani gidan yanar gizo na musamman, yana mai kira da a aika masa da hujjojin aikata ba daidai ba na jami'an tilasta bin doka. Guguwar bayanai ta same shi daga ko'ina cikin Amurka, kuma a lokacin ne FBI ta fara tayar da hankali. An tuhumi Dugan da satar bayanai da rarraba bayanan sirri ba bisa ka'ida ba. Tsohon dan sanda ya tashi zuwa Kanada a cikin jirgi mai zaman kansa kuma ya isa Moscow ta Istanbul. Ya zama Ba'amurke na huɗu da ya karɓi mafakar siyasa sannan ya zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha.
