A ƙarshen Tarayyar Soviet, kafin a 'yantar da tafiye-tafiye na ƙasashen waje, balaguron yawon shakatawa zuwa ƙasashen waje duka mafarki ne da la'ana. Mafarki, saboda abin da mutum ba ya so ya ziyarci wasu ƙasashe, ya sadu da sababbin mutane, ya koya game da sababbin al'adu. La'ana, saboda mutumin da yake son zuwa kasashen waje ya jefa kansa cikin wasu hanyoyin gudanarwar gwamnati da yawa. An yi nazarin rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin microscope, bincike ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa da jijiyoyi. Kuma a ƙasashen waje, idan akwai sakamako mai kyau na dubawa, ba a ba da shawarar tuntuɓar baƙi tare da baƙi, kuma kusan koyaushe ya zama dole a ziyarci wuraren da aka amince da su a matsayin ɓangare na rukuni.
Amma, duk da haka, da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin zuwa ƙasashen waje aƙalla sau ɗaya. A ka'ida, ban da tsarin tabbatarwa mara ma'ana, jihar ba ta adawa da shi. Yawon bude ido ya kasance yana ci gaba da lura sosai, gazawar, gwargwadon iko, tayi kokarin kawar da ita. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1980s, fiye da 'yan ƙasa na USSR miliyan 4 sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje cikin ƙungiyoyin yawon shakatawa a shekara. Kamar sauran mutane, yawon shakatawa na ƙasashen Soviet suna da halaye na kansu.
1. Har zuwa 1955, babu wani yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na "Intourist" ya wanzu tun shekara ta 1929, amma ma'aikatanta sun keɓe ne kawai don hidimtawa baƙi waɗanda suka zo USSR. Af, ba su da yawa kaɗan daga cikinsu - a cikin mafi girma na 1936, 13.5 dubu masu yawon buɗe ido na kasashen waje sun ziyarci USSR. Kimanta wannan adadi, yakamata mutum yayi la'akari da cewa balaguron kasashen waje a waccan shekarun a duk faɗin duniya shine babban gatan masu wadata. Mass yawon bude ido ya bayyana da yawa daga baya.
2. Balloon ɗin gwajin yawo ne a kan hanyar Leningrad - Moscow tare da kira zuwa Danzig, Hamburg, Naples, Constantinople da Odessa. Shugabanni 257 na shirin shekaru biyar na farko sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin motar "Abkhazia". Irin wannan jirgin ruwan ya faru shekara guda daga baya. Waɗannan tafiye-tafiye ba su zama na yau da kullun ba - a zahiri, jiragen ruwa da aka gina - a yanayi na biyu, ya kasance "Ukraine" ne aka fito da jirgin daga Leningrad zuwa Bahar Maliya, lokaci guda aka loda da manyan ma'aikata.
3. Cigaba a cikin neman dama don shirya tafiye-tafiye na gama gari na 'yan Soviet da ke kasashen waje ya fara a ƙarshen 1953. Shekaru biyu akwai wasiƙu na nishaɗi tsakanin sassan da Babban Kwamitin CPSU. Sai kawai a cikin shekarar 1955, gungun mutane 38 sun tafi Sweden.
4. Hukumomin jam’iyya ne suka gudanar da iko a kan zaben ‘yan takarar a matakin kwamitocin jam’iyyar na kamfanoni, kwamitocin gundumomi, kwamitocin birni da kwamitocin yanki na CPSU. Bugu da ƙari, kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU a cikin doka ta musamman da aka ba da izinin zaɓaɓɓu kawai a matakin ƙirar kamfanoni, duk sauran binciken da aka yi na cikin gida ne. A cikin 1955, an yarda da umarni kan halayen 'yan Soviet na ƙasashen waje. Umarnin ga waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa ƙasashen gurguzu da 'yan jari hujja sun bambanta kuma an amince da su ta hanyar ƙuduri daban-daban.
5. Waɗanda suke da niyyar zuwa ƙasashen waje an yi musu cikakken bincike, kuma ba tare da la'akari da ko wani ɗan Soviet yana tafiya don ya yaba wa ƙasashe masu ci gaban gurguzu ko kuma ya firgita da umarnin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin jari hujja ba. Dogon dogon tambayoyin na musamman an cika shi da tambayoyi a cikin ruhun "Shin kun rayu a yankin da aka mamaye a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa da ?asa?" An buƙaci ɗaukar shaidu a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwadago, don wuce rajistan shiga a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Jiha (KGB), hira a cikin ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyar. Bugu da ƙari, ba a gudanar da binciken ba a cikin mummunan halin da aka saba (ba su, ba su, ba su da hannu, da sauransu). Ya zama dole a nuna kyawawan halayen su - daga bangaranci da shiga cikin subbotniks zuwa azuzuwan a sassan wasanni. Har ila yau, kwamitocin dubawa sun mai da hankali ga yanayin auren 'yan takarar don tafiyar. Kwamitocin ne suka yi la’akari da ‘yan takarar da suka wuce ƙananan matakan zaɓe, waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin dukkan kwamitocin yanki na CPSU.
6. Masu zuwa yawon bude ido nan gaba wadanda suka wuce dukkan cuku-cuku sun sami umarni daban-daban kan halayyar kasashen waje da sadarwa tare da baƙi.Babu wani umarni na yau da kullun, don haka wani wuri 'yan mata na iya ɗaukar minian siket da withansu, tare da nema daga wakilan Komsomol cewa mahalarta koyaushe suna sanya bajan Komsomol. A cikin rukunin, galibi ana keɓance wani rukuni na musamman, ana koyar da mahalarta don amsa tambayoyin da za su iya faruwa (Me ya sa jaridu ke busa game da ci gaban aikin noma, kuma Soviet Union ta sayi hatsi daga Amurka?). Kusan ba tare da gazawa ba, kungiyoyin 'yan yawon bude ido na Soviet sun ziyarci wuraren da ba za a manta da su ba wadanda ke da alaƙa da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci ko abubuwan juyin juya hali - abubuwan tarihin VI Lenin, wuraren adana kayan tarihi ko wuraren tunawa. Rubutun shigarwa a cikin littafin ziyara zuwa irin waɗannan wuraren an yarda da su a cikin USSR, shigar membobin kungiyar ne ya yi shigarwar.
7. Kawai a cikin 1977 ne ƙasidar “USSR. Tambayoyi 100 da amsoshi ”. An sake buga tarin abubuwa masu ma'ana sau da yawa - amsoshin daga ciki sun sha bamban da gaske daga farfagandar jam'iyyar da wancan lokacin yayi sakaci da ita.
8. Bayan an gama dukkan cak, an gabatar da takaddun tafiya zuwa kasar gurguzu watanni 3 kafin tafiya, kuma zuwa kasar jari hujja - watanni shida kafin haka. Hatta sanannen masanan yanayin kasa na Luxembourg ba su san game da kauyen Schengen ba a wancan lokacin.
9. An ba da fasfo na kasashen waje ne kawai don musanya da na farar hula, ma’ana, mutum zai iya samun takaddara ɗaya tak a hannu. An hana shi ɗaukar kowane takardu zuwa ƙasashen waje, sai dai fasfo, wanda ke tabbatar da ainihi, kuma a cikin USSR, ba a tabbatar da shi ba sai da ganyaye marasa lafiya da takaddun shaida daga ofishin gidaje.
10. Baya ga haramtattun abubuwa, akwai ƙuntatawa na yau da kullun. Misali, da kyar - kuma sai da amincewar Kwamitin Tsakiya - aka ba wa mata da miji izinin tafiya a matsayin bangare daya idan ba su da 'ya'ya. Mutum na iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen jari hujja sau ɗaya a kowace shekara uku.
11. Ba a la'akari da ilimin harsunan kasashen waje ƙari ga ɗan takarar tafiya. Akasin haka, kasancewar cikin rukunin mutane da yawa waɗanda ke magana da wani baƙon harshe a lokaci ɗaya ya tayar da damuwa mai girma. Irin waɗannan rukunin ƙungiyoyin sun nemi yin sassauci a cikin jama'a ko na ƙasa - don ƙara ma'aikata ko wakilai na iyakokin ƙasa ga masu hankali.
12. Bayan wucewa ta duk wasu da'irarori na lamuran gwamnati - har ma sun biya kudin tafiya (kuma sunada tsada sosai ta mizanin Soviet, kuma kawai a lokuta da ba safai ba ana ba da izinin kamfanin ya biya har zuwa 30% na kudin), ya zama ba zai yuwu a tafi dashi ba. "Intourist" da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar kwadago ba su yi aiki ba ba gaira ba dalili. Adadin kungiyoyin da basu fita kasashen waje ba ta hanyar laifin tsarin Soviet sun shiga mutane da yawa a kowace shekara. A lokacin daidaita alaƙar da ke tsakanin Sin da China, wani lokacin ba su da lokacin da za su inganta da kuma soke duka "Jirgin Kawance na Abokai".
13. Duk da haka, duk da matsalolin, ƙungiyoyin Soviet yawon bude ido sun ziyarci kusan duk duniya. Misali, nan da nan bayan an fara bude yawon bude ido, a cikin 1956, abokan huldar Intourist sun ziyarci kasashe 61, kuma shekaru 7 daga baya - kasashen waje 106. A fahimta, yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe masu yawon buɗe ido sun ziyarci su. Misali, akwai hanyar jirgin ruwa Odessa - Turkiya - Girka - Italiya - Maroko - Senegal - Laberiya - Najeriya - Ghana - Saliyo - Odessa. Jirgin ruwa na jigilar kaya yawon bude ido zuwa kasashen Indiya, Japan da Cuba. Jirgin ruwan Semyon Semyonovich Gorbunkov daga fim ɗin "The Diamond Arm" na iya zama na gaske - lokacin sayar da baucoci don zirga-zirgar teku, an lura da al'adar "Abkhazia" - an ba da fifiko ga manyan ma'aikata na samarwa.
14. Magana game da “yawon bude ido cikin kayan farar hula” - jami’an KGB, wadanda ake zargin suna kusan kusan kowane dan yawon bude ido na Soviet da ya je ƙasashen waje, yana iya zama ƙari. Aƙalla daga takaddun tarihin an san cewa Intourist da Sputnik (wata ƙungiyar Soviet da ke yin balaguron balaguro, galibi matasa) sun sami ƙarancin ma'aikata. An sami karancin masu fassarawa, masu jagora (ku sake tuna “Hannun Diamond” - baƙon ɗan Rasha ne jagora), kawai ƙwararrun mutane masu rakiya ne. Mutanen Soviet sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai. A farkon shekarar 1956, mutane 560,000 sun ziyarci ƙasashen waje. Daga 1965 lissafin ya shiga miliyoyin har sai da ya kai miliyan 4.5 a shekarar 1985. Tabbas, jami'an KGB sun kasance a tafiye-tafiyen yawon shakatawa, amma ba a cikin kowane rukuni ba.
15. Baya ga tserewar lokaci-lokaci na masu hankali, masu zane-zane da 'yan wasa, talakawa' yan yawon bude ido na Soviet ba su da dalilin damuwa. Musamman shugabannin kungiyar masu bin ka'idoji sun rubuta karya doka, baya ga shan giya mara kyau, dariya mai karfi a gidan abinci, bayyanar mata a wando, kin ziyartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sauran abubuwa marasa kyau.
16. Fitattun “rashi” a cikin kungiyoyin yawon shakatawa ba safai ba - galibi sun kasance a yamma bayan tafiya zuwa aiki. Iyakar abin da ya rage shi ne sanannen mai sukar adabi Arkady Belinkovich, wanda ya tsere tare da matarsa a lokacin balaguron yawon bude ido.
17. Baucocin ƙasashen waje, kamar yadda aka ambata, sun kasance masu tsada. A cikin shekarun 1960, tare da albashi a yankin na 80 - 150 rubles, har ma da rangadin kwana 9 zuwa Czechoslovakia ba tare da wata hanya ba (120 rubles) ta biya 110 rubles. Tafiya ta kwanaki 15 zuwa Indiya ta biya 430 rubles tare da sama da 200 rubles don tikitin jirgi. Jirgin ruwan ya ma fi tsada. Tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Yamma da dawowa baya 600 - 800 rubles. Ko da kwana 20 a Bulgaria sun kashe ruble 250, yayin da makamancin haka tikitin ƙungiyar ƙwadago zuwa Sochi ko Kirimiya ya biya rubi 20. Hanyar da ba ta da kyau ta Moscow - Cuba - Brazil ta kasance faifan rikodin - tikitin ya ci 1214.
18. Duk da tsada da kuma wahalar aiki, akwai mutane koyaushe da ke son zuwa ƙasashen waje. Yawon shakatawa zuwa ƙasashen waje a hankali (tuni a cikin shekarun 1970) ya sami darajar matsayi. Binciken lokaci-lokaci ya gano manyan laifuka a cikin rarraba su. Rahoton binciken ya nuna gaskiyar abin da ba zai yiwu ba a Tarayyar Soviet. Misali, wani makanikin mota na Moscow ya tafi balaguro uku tare da kira zuwa ƙasashe masu jari hujja a cikin shekaru shida, kodayake an hana wannan. Saboda wani dalili, baucocin da aka yi niyya don ma'aikata ko manoma gama gari an ba su darektocin kasuwanni da manyan shagunan. A lokaci guda, daga ra'ayi na aikata laifi, babu wani abu mai mahimmanci da ya faru - sakacin hukuma, babu wani abu.
19. Idan talakawan ƙasa suka bi da tafiya zuwa Bulgaria cikin ruhun sanannen maganar da ke hana kaza haƙƙin haƙƙin kiranta tsuntsu, kuma Bulgaria - a ƙasashen waje, to ga shugabannin ƙungiyar tafiyar Bulgaria aiki ne mai wahala. Don kada mu shiga cikin cikakken bayani na dogon lokaci, yana da sauki a bayyana yanayin tare da misali daga zamani. Kai ne shugabar rukunin mata mafi yawa da suke hutu a wuraren shakatawa na Baturke ko Masar. Bugu da ƙari, aikinku ba wai kawai ya kawo maƙwabtanku gida lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya ba ne, amma kuma ku kiyaye ɗabi'unsu da ɗabi'un gurguzu ta kowace hanya. Kuma 'yan Bulgaria da ɗabi'a kusan Turkawa ɗaya ne, kawai suna zaune kaɗan zuwa arewa.
20. Kudin babbar matsala ce akan tafiye tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje. Sun canza shi kadan kaɗan. A cikin mafi munin yanayi masu yawon bude ido suna tafiya a kan abin da ake kira "musayar ba ta kuɗi ba". An ba su gidaje kyauta, masauki da sabis, don haka sun canza kuɗaɗen dinari - sun isa sigari kawai, misali. Amma sauran ba su lalace ba. Sabili da haka, an kwashe cikakkun ƙa'idodin kayan da aka ba da izinin fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje: gram 400 na caviar, lita na vodka, toshe sigari. Hatta rediyo da kyamarori an ayyana kuma dole ne a dawo dasu. An ba wa mata damar sanya zoben da bai wuce uku ba, ciki har da zoben aure. Duk abin da yake akwai an siyar ko an canza shi don kayan masarufi.
