A cikin tunanin mutanen Rasha, Paris tana da wuri na musamman, a wani wuri kusa da Mulkin Sama. Babban birnin Faransa ana ɗaukarsa babban birni ne na duniya kuma ya zama dole ne a ga yawon shakatawa zuwa ƙasashen ƙetare. "Duba Paris ka Mutu!" - yaya yawa! Miliyoyin baƙi sun zauna a cikin babban birnin Faransa na shekaru da shekaru, amma kalmar da ke sama ta faɗo ne kawai ga mutumin Rasha.
Dalilin irin wannan shahararren na Faris ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Rasha abu ne mai sauƙi kuma banal - ƙididdigar masu ilimi, masu hazaka, ko waɗanda suke ɗaukar kansu irin waɗannan mutane. Idan a cikin Rasha wani mai ladabi (komai irin abin da aka sanya shi cikin wannan kalmar) mutum, don sadarwa tare da nasa, ana buƙatar girgiza a cikin motar hawa ko tazarar mil mil mil zuwa lardin lardin ko St. Petersburg, a cikin Paris da yawa irin waɗannan mutane sun zauna a cikin kowane cafe. Datti, wari, annoba, 8-10 sq. mita - komai ya shuɗe kafin gaskiyar cewa Rabelais na zaune a wannan teburin, wani lokacin kuma Paul Valery yakan zo nan.
Adabin Faransanci ma ya ƙara man wuta. Jaruman marubutan Faransa sun zagaya duk waɗannan "ryu", "ke" da sauran "raye-raye", suna yaɗa tsarkaka da martaba (har sai da Maupassant mai ƙyama ya shiga). Saboda wasu dalilai, D'Artagnan da Count of Monte Cristo sun yi ƙoƙari don cinye Faris! Taguwar ruwa uku na ƙaura sun ƙara zafi. Ee, sun ce, sarakuna sun yi aiki a matsayin direbobin tasi, kuma sarakuna sun ƙare a cikin Moulin Rouge, amma wannan asara ce idan aka kwatanta da damar da za a sha kofi mai kyau tare da ɗan kwalliya mai ban mamaki a cikin cafe na kan titi? Kuma kusa da shi akwai mawaƙan Zamani na Azurfa, waɗanda ke gaba-gaba, 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa, Hemingway, tafi Lilya Brik ... figuresididdigar ƙaura ta uku na ƙaura sun kasance mafi nasara musamman wajen haɓaka Paris. Ba lallai ne su yi aiki a matsayin direbobin tasi ba - “walwala” ya ba su damar ɗaukar kwatancin “babban birnin duniya” da gaske.
Kuma lokacin da yiwuwar ziyarar ba da izini kyauta zuwa Faris ta buɗe, ya zama kusan kusan komai a cikin bayanin gaskiya ne, amma akwai wata gaskiya game da Faris. Garin yayi datti. Akwai mabarata da yawa, mabarata da mutane masu adalci waɗanda baƙon yawon shakatawa na ƙasashe ke tushen tushen shigar masu laifi. Mita 100 daga Champs Elysees, akwai rumfuna na halitta tare da kayan Baturke na zamani. Kudin ajiye motoci daga yuro 2 a awa guda. Otal-otal a tsakiyar, har ma da mafi ƙazanta, suna rataye taurari 4 a kan allon kuma suna karɓar kuɗi da yawa daga baƙi.
Gabaɗaya, yayin bayyana fa'idodi, bai kamata mutum ya manta da rashin amfani ba. Paris kamar wata kwayar halitta ce mai rai, ci gabanta yana tabbatar da gwagwarmaya da saɓani.
1. "Duniya tana farawa, kamar yadda kuka sani, daga Kremlin", kamar yadda muke tunowa daga kwanakin makaranta. Idan Faransawa suna da nasu Vladimir Mayakovsky, maimakon Kremlin, Tsibirin Cité zai bayyana a cikin wannan layi. Anan, an sami ragowar tsoffin ƙauyuka, a nan, a cikin Lutetia (kamar yadda ake kiran wurin a wancan lokacin), Celts sun rayu, a nan ne sarakunan Rome da Faransa suka yi hukunci da ramuwar gayya. An kashe fitattun Knights Templar akan Cité. Yankin kudu na tsibirin ana kiran sa da 'Jewelers' Embankment. Sunan Faransa na wannan shingen, Quet d'Orfevre, sananne ne ga duk masoyan Georges Simenon da Kwamishina Maigret. Wannan shinge hakika hedkwatar 'yan sandan Paris ne - yana daga cikin babbar Fadar Shari'a. An gina Cité sosai tare da gine-ginen tarihi, kuma, idan kuna so, zaku iya yawo a tsibirin duk tsawon yini.
Daga kallon idanun tsuntsu, Tsibirin Cite yayi kama da jirgin ruwa
2. Duk yadda mutum zai so daidaita sunan "Lutetia" tare da kalmar Latin ta lux ("haske"), ba zai yiwu a yi shi ba tare da kasancewar kasancewar haƙiƙa. Sunan wannan yarjejeniyar ta Gallic a ɗayan tsibiran da ke tsakiyar Seine, da alama, ya fito ne daga Celtic "lut" ma'ana "fadama". Tribeabilar Parisiya, da ke zaune a Lutetia da kewayen tsibirin da gabar tekun, ba su aika wakilansu zuwa taron Gallic da Julius Caesar ya kira ba. Sarki na gaba ya yi aiki cikin ruhun "wanda bai boye ba, ba laifina ba ne." Ya kayar da Parisians kuma ya kafa sansani a tsibirin su. Gaskiya ne, ya kasance ƙarami sosai cewa akwai isasshen wuri don sansanin soja. Wanka da filin wasa, wato, Colosseum, dole ne a gina su a gaɓar teku. Amma makomar Paris ta kasance nesa da babban birni - tsakiyar lardin Roman shine Lyon.
3. Paris ta zamani kashi biyu bisa uku aikin hannu da tunanin Baron Georges Haussmann ne. A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, wannan shugaban gundumar Seine, wanda Napoleon III ke tallafawa, ya canza fuskar Paris sosai. Babban birnin Faransa ya juya daga tsohuwar birni zuwa babban birni mai sauƙi don rayuwa da motsi. Osman bai kasance mai zanen gini ba; yanzu za a kira shi manaja mai nasara. Ya yi watsi da darajar tarihi na gine-gine dubu 20 da aka rusa. Madadin bayar da abubuwan tarihi kamar na kwalliya, 'yan Parisians sun karɓi birni mai tsabta kuma mai haske, wanda ya ratsa ta manyan hanyoyi, kananun hanyoyi da hanyoyin. Akwai wadatar ruwa da tsarin tsabtace ruwa, fitilun kan titi da filayen kore da yawa. Tabbas, an soki Osman daga kowane bangare. Napoleon III har an tilasta masa korarsa. Koyaya, ƙarfin da Baron Haussmann ya sake sabuntawa na Paris ya kasance mai ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aiki kan shirye-shiryensa a farkon rabin karni na ashirin.
Baron Osman - na biyu daga dama
4. Babu kusan babu dukkan gine-ginen zamanin Roman a cikin Paris, amma, wurin da yawa daga cikinsu an riga an kafa shi daidai. Misali, wani katafaren gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance a dandalin mahaɗan Rue Racine da Boulevard Saint-Michel na yanzu. A cikin 1927, a wannan wurin ne Samuel Schwarzbard ya harbe Simon Petlyura.
5. Gabaɗaya, babban abin farinciki na Paris ba ƙaramin batun canzawa bane. Kuma Faransanci ba su da sha'awar sake tunani game da tarihi - da kyau, akwai irin wannan taron a tarihi, kuma yana da kyau. Wasu lokuta har ma suna jaddadawa - suna cewa, bayan 1945 a Faris, tituna uku ne kawai aka sake wa suna! Kuma ba a sake sauya wurin de Gaulle zuwa Place Charles de Gaulle, kuma yanzu yana ɗauke da dacewa, cikin sauri da sauƙi sunan Charles de Gaulle Étoile. Wannan mahimmancin ra'ayin mazan jiya bai shafi titin St. Petersburg da ke cikin gundumar VIII ta Paris ba. An tsara ta kuma an sa mata sunan babban birnin Rasha a 1826. A cikin 1914, kamar birni, an sake masa suna zuwa Petrogradskaya. A cikin 1945, titin ya zama Leningradskaya, kuma a cikin 1991 asalin sunansa ya dawo.
6. Kamar yadda aka sani tun a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, "A cikin gidan bayan gidan jama'a na Paris akwai rubutu a cikin Rashanci". Koyaya, ana iya ganin kalmomin Rasha ba kawai a cikin bandakunan Farisiya ba. A cikin babban birnin Faransa akwai titunan da aka laƙaba wa Moscow da Kogin Moskva, Peterhof da Odessa, Kronstadt da Volga, Evpatoria, Crimea da Sevastopol. Al'adar Rasha a cikin manyan manyan biranen suna wakiltar sunayen L. Tolstoy, P. Tchaikovsky, p. Rachmaninov, V. Kandinsky, I. Stravinsky da N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Akwai kuma titinan Peter the Great da Alexander III.
7. Katidral na Notre Dame yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin ƙusoshin da aka giciye Kristi da shi. Akwai kusan irin waɗannan kusoshi 30 a cikin duka, kuma kusan dukkan su ko dai sun yi mu'ujizai ko, aƙalla, ba su tsatsa. Usa a Notre Dame de Paris babban cocin rusts Zabin kowa ne ya dauki wannan a matsayin shaidar sahihanci ko shaidar jabu.
8. Wani babban abin ban mamaki na Farisa shine Cibiyar Fasaha da Al'adu, wacce aka sakawa sunan Georges Pompidou, Shugaban Faransa, wanda ya fara ginin Cibiyar. Ginin gine-gine, kwatankwacin matatar mai, miliyoyin mutane ne ke ziyarta duk shekara. Cibiyar Pompidou tana da Gidan Tarihi na Artasa na Zamani na zamani, ɗakin karatu, gidajen silima da dakunan wasan kwaikwayo.
9. Jami'ar Paris, kamar haka daga bijimin Paparoma Gregory IX, an kafa shi ne a 1231. Koyaya, tun kafin a ba da matsayin hukuma, Quarter ta Latin ta yanzu ta riga ta zama mahalarta masu hankali. Koyaya, gine-ginen Sorbonne na yanzu basu da alaƙa da gidajen kwanan kwaleji waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai suka gina wa kansu a Tsakiyar Zamani. An gina Sorbonne na yanzu a cikin karni na 17 ta hanyar umarnin Duke na Richelieu, zuriyar mashahurin kadinal. A ɗayan gine-ginen Sorbonne, tokar Richelieu da yawa an binne, ciki har da wanda mazauna Odessa kawai suke kira "Duke" - Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci a matsayin gwamnan Odessa.
10. Saint Genevieve tana dauke da matsayin magajin garin Paris. Ta rayu a ƙarni na 5 - 6 na AD. e. kuma ya zama sananne ga yawan warkarwa na marasa lafiya da taimakon matalauta. Tabbatar da ita ya ba wa Parisians damar kare garin daga mamayar Huns. Wa'azin Saint Genevieve ya shawo kan Sarki Clovis yayi baftisma kuma ya mai da Paris babban birni. Abubuwan tarihi na Saint Genevieve an ajiye su a cikin kundin tarihi mai tamani, wanda duk sarakunan Faransa suka ƙawata shi. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, duk kayan adon da aka yi daga wurin bautar an cire su sun narke, kuma tokar Saint Genevieve an yi ta ta hanyar bikin bisa ga wurin de Grève.
11. Titunan Paris sun wajabta samun suna ta hanyar dokar masarauta ta 1728. Kafin wannan, tabbas, mutanen birni suna kiran tituna, galibi ta hanyar wasu shuɗe-shuɗe ko sunan mai martaba na gidan, amma ba a rubuta waɗannan sunayen ko'ina ba, har da kan gidaje. Kuma yawan gidaje ba tare da kasawa ya fara ba a farkon karni na 19.
12. Paris, wacce ta shahara wajen yin waina, har yanzu tana amfani da sama da masu gasa aikin hannu sama da 36,000. Tabbas, lambar su a hankali tana raguwa, kuma ba kawai saboda gasa tare da manyan masana'antun ba. 'Yan Parisi a koyaushe suna rage yawan cin burodinsu da kayan gasa. Idan a cikin 1920 talakawan Paris sun ci gram 620 na burodi da nadi a kowace rana, to a cikin karni na 21 wannan adadi ya ninka sau huɗu.
13. An bude laburaren karatun jama'a na farko a Faris a shekarar 1643. Cardinal Mazarin, wanda a zahiri ba shi da kamannin hoto na rabin-caricatured da Alexander Dumas mahaifin ya kirkira a cikin littafin "Shekaru Ashirin Daga baya," ya ba da babbar laburarensa don kafa Kwalejin Nationsasashe huɗu. Kwalejin ba ta daɗe ba, kuma laburarenta, wanda aka buɗe wa duk baƙi, yana ci gaba da aiki, kuma kusan an riga an adana abubuwan da ke tsakiyar. Theakin karatun yana gabashin ɓangaren Palais des Académie Française, kusan a shafin Hasumiyar Nels, wanda wani shahararren marubuci, Maurice Druon ya yi sananne.
14. Paris tana da katakon katako. Tarihinsu, ba shakka, ba mai ban sha'awa bane kamar tarihin gidan kurkukun Roman, amma komai da ƙarƙashin Paris suna da abin alfahari. Jimlar jimlar tashoshin katako na Paris ya wuce kilomita 160. An buɗe ƙaramin yanki don ziyarta. Ragowar mutane daga makabartu da yawa na birni an “motsa” su zuwa katsom a lokaci daban-daban. Gidan kurkuku sun sami kyawawan kyaututtuka a cikin shekarun juyin juya halin, lokacin da aka kawo wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci da wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci a nan. Wani wuri a cikin kurkuku akwai ƙasusuwan Robespierre. Kuma a cikin 1944, Kanar Rol-Tanguy ya ba da umarni daga katanga don fara boren Paris don ƙin mamayar Jamusawa.
15. Yawancin abubuwan ban sha'awa da abubuwan da suka faru suna da alaƙa da sanannen wurin shakatawa na Parisawan Montsouris. Lokacin da aka buɗe wurin shakatawa - kuma aka lalata Montsouris bisa umarnin Napoleon III - bala'i ya mamaye shi. Wani dan kwangila wanda ya wayi gari da safe cewa ruwa ya bace daga kyakkyawan kududdufin tare da tsuntsayen ruwa. Hakanan Vladimir Lenin yana matukar son filin Montsouris. Sau da yawa yakan zauna a cikin gidan cin abinci na katako a gefen teku wanda ya wanzu har zuwa yau, kuma ya zauna kusa da shi a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin gida wanda yanzu aka canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya. A Montsouris, an kafa alamar firaminista meridian "bisa ga tsohon salon" - har zuwa shekarar 1884 Firayim Ministan Meridian ya ratsa ta Paris, kuma daga nan ne kawai aka canza shi zuwa Greenwich kuma ya zama gama gari.
16. Layin jirgin ruwa na Paris ya bambanta da na Moscow sosai. Tashoshin suna kusa sosai, jiragen kasa suna aiki a hankali, sanarwar murya da masu buɗe ƙofofin atomatik suna aiki ne kawai akan ƙananan sababbin motoci. Tashoshin suna aiki sosai, babu kayan ado. Akwai wadatattun maroka da katako - marasa gida. Tafiya guda tana biyan kuɗi euro 1.9 na awa ɗaya da rabi, kuma tikitin yana da tunanin duniya gabaɗaya: zaku iya tafiya ta metro, ko zaku iya hawa bas, amma ba duk layuka da hanyoyi ba. Tsarin jirgin kasa yayi kama da an kirkireshi ne don rikita fasinjoji da gangan. Tarar tafiya ba tare da tikiti ba (ma'ana, idan kunyi kuskuren shiga jirgin ƙasa akan wani layi ko tikitin ya ƙare) Yuro 45 ne.
17. Gidan kudan zuma na Dan Adam yana aiki a Faris sama da shekaru 100. Ya samo asali ne daga babban birnin Faransa saboda Alfred Boucher. Akwai rukuni na masu fasahar zane-zane waɗanda aka zaci su sami kuɗi, kuma ba neman shahara a duniya ba. Boucher na ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan. Ya tsunduma cikin sassaka, amma bai sassaka wani abin allahntaka ba. Amma ya san yadda ake neman abokan hulɗa, yana da fara'a da ma'amala, kuma yana samun kuɗi da yawa. Wata rana ya yi balaguro zuwa gefen kudu maso yamma na Faris kuma ya tafi shan giya a cikin gidan kaɗaici. Don kada ya yi shiru, ya tambayi maigidan game da farashin filin gida. Ya amsa a cikin ruhu cewa idan wani ya miƙa mata aƙalla franc, zai ɗauka hakan kyakkyawar ciniki ce. Boucher nan da nan ya sayi kadada daga wurinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba, lokacin da aka rusa rumfunan Nunin Nunin na 1900, sai ya sayi rumfar ruwan inabi da abubuwa iri iri na abubuwa masu kyau kamar ƙofofi, abubuwan ƙirar ƙarfe, da sauransu. Daga wannan duka, an gina hadaddun ɗakuna 140, masu dacewa duka don gidaje da kuma taron bita na masu zane - A kowane bangon baya yana da tagar babban taga. Boucher ya fara yin hayar waɗannan ɗakunan ne don arha ga matalauta masu fasaha. Sunayensu a yanzu sun sami huɗu ta hanyar masaniya game da sababbin hanyoyi a zanen, amma, don sanya shi a fili, "Gidan Kudan zuma" bai ba ɗan adam sabon Raphael ko Leonardo ba. Amma ya ba da misali na halin rashin sha'awa ga abokan aiki da sauƙin ɗan adam. Boucher da kansa ya rayu duk rayuwarsa a cikin wani ƙaramin gida kusa da "Ulya". Bayan mutuwarsa, hadaddun har yanzu ya zama mafaka ga matalauta masu kirkirar abubuwa.
18. Hasumiyar Eiffel za ta iya zama ta bambanta - an ba da shawarar a gina ta ko da sigar guillotine. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a kira shi daban - "Bonicausen Tower". Wannan shi ne ainihin sunan injiniyan da ya sanya hannu kan ayyukansa da sunan "Gustave Eiffel" - a Faransa an daɗe ana kula da su, don sanya shi a hankali, rashin yarda da Jamusawa, ko mutanen da ke da sunaye kama da na Jamusawa. Eiffel a lokacin gasar don ƙirƙirar wani abu makamancin haka, mai nuna alamun Faris ɗin zamani, ya riga ya kasance injiniya mai daraja sosai. Ya aiwatar da ayyuka kamar gadoji a cikin Bordeaux, Florac da Capdenac da kuma viaduct a Garabi. Kari akan haka, Eiffel-Bonikausen ya tsara kuma ya tattara fasalin mutum-mutumi na 'yanci. Amma, mafi mahimmanci, injiniyan ya koyi nemo hanyoyi zuwa zukatan manajan kasafin kuɗi. Yayinda hukumar gasar ta yi ba'a da aikin, sai mutane masu al'adu (Maupassant, Hugo, da sauransu) suka juya zuwa "wadanda ba sa hannun jari" a karkashin koke-koken zanga-zangar, kuma shugabannin cocin sun yi ihu cewa hasumiyar za ta fi ta Katidral din Notre Dame, Eiffel ya gamsu da ministan da ke kula da aikin muhimmancin. aikinku. Sun jefa ƙashi ga abokan hamayyar: hasumiyar za ta kasance ƙofa don Nunin Nunin Duniya, sannan kuma a wargaje ta. Ginin da yakai franc miliyan 7.5 ya biya tuni yayin baje kolin, sannan kuma masu hannun jarin (Eiffel da kansa ya saka hannun jari miliyan 3 a cikin ginin) kawai ya sami nasarar (kuma har yanzu yana da lokacin ƙidaya) ribar.
19. Akwai gadoji 36 tsakanin bankunan Seine da tsibirai. Mafi kyawu shine gada wacce aka sanyawa suna bayan Tsar Alexander III. An kawata shi da siffofin mala'iku, pegasus da nymphs. Gadar ta yi kasa don kada ta rufe hoton Paris. Emperor Bridge II ya buɗe gada, wanda aka sanya wa sunan mahaifinsa. Gadar gargajiya, inda ma'aurata ke watsa makullin, ita ce Pont des Arts - daga Louvre zuwa Institut de France. Tsohuwar gada a cikin Paris ita ce Sabuwar Bridge. Ya fi shekaru 400 da haihuwa kuma itace gada ta farko a cikin Paris da za'a ɗauka hoto.A wurin da gadar Notre Dame take a yanzu, gadoji sun tsaya tun lokacin Romawa, amma ambaliyar ruwa ko ayyukan soja sun rusa su. Gadar da ke yanzu za ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 a cikin 2019.
20. Hall Hall na Paris yana kan hannun dama na Seine a cikin ginin da ake kira Hôtel de Ville. Komawa a cikin karni na XIV, dan kasuwa mai ba da tallafi (babban jami'in, wanda 'yan kasuwa, wadanda ba su da' yancin jama'a, suka zaba don sadarwa ta gaskiya tare da sarki), Etienne Marcel ya sayi gida don taron 'yan kasuwa. Shekaru 200 bayan haka, Francis I ya ba da umarnin gina fada ga hukumomin Faris. Koyaya, saboda wasu lamuran siyasa da na soja, an kammala ofishin magajin garin ne kawai a karkashin Louis XIII (wanda shi ne Musketeers na Dumas mahaifin ya rayu), a cikin 1628. Wannan ginin ya ga cikakkun bayanan tarihin Faransa. Sun kama Robespierre, wanda aka nada a matsayin Louis na XVIII, ya yi bikin ɗaurin auren Napoleon Bonaparte, ya yi sanarwar Paris Commune (kuma ya ƙone ginin a lokaci ɗaya) kuma suka aiwatar da ɗaya daga cikin hare-haren ta'addanci na Islama na farko a Faris. Tabbas, duk wasu shagulgula na birni ana yin su ne a ofishin magajin gari, gami da bayar da kyautar schoolan makaranta masu zurfin karatu.
