An kafa garin Samara a shekara ta 1586 a matsayin garu a cikin wata muhimmiyar dabata ta Volga a mashigar Kogin Samara. Ba da daɗewa ba, sansanin soja ya rasa mahimmancin dabarun soja, yayin da layin arangama tsakanin Russia da makiyaya ya koma gabas da kudu.
Model na Samara sansanin soja
Koyaya, Samara bai lalace ba, kamar yawancin kagara birjik a tsoffin kan iyakokin Rasha. Garin ya zama wurin da ake hada-hadar kasuwanci, kuma sannu-sannu ya daga matsayinsa zuwa wani yanki na zamani zuwa babban birnin lardin Samara. A Samara, hanyar ƙasa daga yamma zuwa gabas da hanyar ruwa daga arewa zuwa kudu sun haɗu. Bayan gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Orenburg, ci gaban Samara ya zama mai fashewa.
A hankali, garin, wanda ke da nisan kusan kilomita dubu daga Moscow, ya juya daga garin kasuwanci zuwa cibiyar masana'antu. Yawancin manyan masana'antun masana'antu suna aiki a Samara a yau. Hakanan garin yana matsayin cibiyar ilimi da al'adu.
Daga 1935 zuwa 1991, ana kiran Samara Kuibyshev don girmama mashahuri a cikin Jam’iyyar Bolshevik.
Yawan Samara mutane miliyan 1.16 ne, wanda ke nuna alama ta tara a cikin Rasha. Mafi shahararrun bayanai game da birni: tashar jirgin ƙasa ita ce mafi girma, kuma dandalin Kuibyshev shine mafi girma a Turai. Koyaya, ba kawai masu girma ba ne masu ban sha'awa a cikin tarihi da wayewar Samara.
1. Daya daga cikin alamun Samara shine giyar Zhiguli. A shekarar 1881, wani dan kasar Austriya Alfred von Wakano ya bude kamfanin giya a Samara. Von Wakano ya san abubuwa da yawa ba kawai game da giya ba, har ma da kayan aikin don samarwa - ya yi aiki a wuraren giya a Austria da Czech Republic, kuma a Rasha ya yi nasarar cinikin kayan giya. Giya daga tsiron Samara an yaba da ita nan da nan, kuma samarwa ya fara haɓaka ta tsalle da iyaka. A waccan shekarun, "Zhigulevskoye" na nufin "samarwa a wata shuka a Samara". An riga an ƙirƙira giya mai wannan sunan a cikin 1930s a jagorancin Anastas Mikoyan, shugaban jam'iyyar wanda ya yi abubuwa da yawa don ci gaban masana'antar abinci a cikin USSR. A taƙaice, Mikoyan ya nemi a ɗan inganta shi a kan ɗayan giyar da aka samar a kamfanin giya na Zhiguli. Nau'o'in da ke da nauyin wort na 11% da kuma adadi mai yawa na giya na 2.8% ya zama mafi kyawun giyar Soviet. An samar da shi ne a ɗaruruwan kamfanonin giya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Amma ingantaccen Zhigulevskoye, tabbas, ana samar dashi ne kawai a tsirar a Samara. Zaku iya siyan shi a cikin shago kusa da ƙofar masana'anta, ko ku ɗanɗana a yayin rangadin masana'antar, wanda yakai 800 rubles.
Alfred von Wakano - wataƙila ɗayan fitattun mazaunan Samara
2. A wasu tsoffin gidaje, har yanzu suna tsaye a tsakiyar Samara, har yanzu babu wadataccen ruwan sha. Mutane na dibar ruwa daga bututun tsaye. Akwai zato cewa a wasu sassan garin wasu ƙarni na mazaunan Samara ba su san menene ba. Amma samar da ruwan sha, gidaje da otal-otal a Samara, sun bayyana a Samara a cikin 1887. Dangane da ainihin aikin injiniyan Moscow Nikolai Zimin, an gina tashar yin famfo kuma an kafa kilomita na farko na bututun ruwa. Tsarin samarda ruwa na Samara shima yayi aikin kashe gobara - gobara itace masifar Samara katako. 'Yan kasuwar sun kirga hakan saboda "ajiyar" dukiya - adana shi daga gobara - an biya tsarin samar da ruwa a cikin shekara guda da aiki. Bugu da kari, ruwan ya ciyar da maɓuɓɓugan biranen 10 kuma ana amfani da shi don ban ruwa da lambunan garin. Abinda yafi birgewa shine yadda ruwan yake a hukumance kyauta: bisa ga dokokin wancan lokacin, ƙananan hukumomi suna da haƙƙin ƙara harajin kad'an kad'an don wannan dalilin. Halin da aka samu game da tsarin shara ya fi muni. Ko da matsin lambar mai kamfanin giyar Zhiguli, Alfred von Wakano, wanda ke shirye ya yi kawanya kuma ya ji daɗin babban iko a Samara, ya yi rauni. Sai kawai a cikin 1912 aka fara aikin ginin magudanan ruwa. An fara aiki da shi a sassa kuma zuwa 1918 sun sami nasarar aza kilomita 35 na masu tarawa da bututu.
3. Ci gaban Samara cikin sauri a ƙarni na 19 ya jawo hankalin mutane zuwa garin, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ƙasa ba. A hankali, an kafa ƙungiyar Katolika mai mahimmanci a cikin garin. An sami izinin ginin da sauri, kuma magina sun fara gina cocin Katolika. Amma sai a shekara ta 1863 wani tawaye ya sake barkewa a Poland. An aika da yawa daga sandunan Samara zuwa ƙasashe mafi tsanani, kuma an hana gina coci. Ginin ya sake komawa kawai a farkon karni na ashirin. An tsarkake cocin a cikin 1906. Ya tsira daga rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa na juyi da Yaƙin Basasa, amma sabis a ciki ya kasance har zuwa tsakiyar 1920s. Daga nan aka rufe cocin. A cikin 1941, Gidan Tarihin Samara na Lore na movedasa ya ƙaura zuwa shi. Ayyukan Katolika kawai sun sake komawa a cikin 1996. Don haka, cikin fiye da shekaru 100 na tarihinta, ginin Haikalin tsarkakakkiyar Zuciyar Yesu an yi amfani da shi don manufar da aka nufa da shi kawai na kimanin shekaru 40.
4. A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, sannu a hankali Samara ya sami sha'awar ilimi da wayewa. Idan a cikin 1852 'yan kasuwa, wadanda suka fi yawa daga cikin City Duma, sun amsa tare da kin yarda - tawaye ga tayin bude gidan buga takardu a cikin gari, to bayan shekaru 30 an yarda da shawarar kirkirar gidan kayan tarihin tarihi na gari tare da amincewa. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1886, an haifi Samara Museum of History da Local Lore. An tattara abubuwan baje kolin daga duniya a kan kirtani. Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich ya ba wa mutanen Turkmen kayan sawa 14 da tufafi da alburusai. Shahararren mai daukar hoton Alexander Vasiliev ya ba da kyautar tarin hotuna na kusufin rana, da dai sauransu. A shekarar 1896, gidan kayan tarihin ya koma wani gida daban sannan aka bude shi don ziyarar jama'a. Artistan wasa mai gajiya kuma mai tarawa Konstantin Golovkin ya taka rawa sosai a ci gabanta. Ba tare da wata damuwa ba ya cika da wasiƙu daga masu zane-zane, masu tarawa da masu ba da sabis na zane-zane. Akwai daruruwan addressees a jerin sa. Haruffa ba a ɓace a banza ba - a cikin martani, gidan kayan gargajiya ya karɓi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda suka kasance manyan tarin. Yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya yana da babban gini na tsohon reshe na VI Lenin Museum. Hakanan ya hada da gidajen-kayan tarihi na Lenin da MV Frunze, da kuma Art Nouveau Museum da ke cikin gidan Kurlina. Gidan Tarihi na Samara na Tarihi da Lore na Yankin yana da sunan babban darakta na farko, Peter Alabin.
5. Kamar yadda kuka sani, a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Kuibyshev ya kasance babban birnin Tarayyar Soviet. A nan ne a lokacin kaka mai wahala na 1941 aka kwashe wasu ma'aikatu da sassa, gami da ofisoshin diflomasiyya. Tuni a lokacin yaƙin, an gina manyan mafaka biyu masu kyau. Yanzu ana kiransu "Stalin's Bunker" da "Balinker na Kalinin". Gidan buɗe ido na farko a buɗe yake don ziyarta, ba a ba da izinin waje ga “Kalinin Bunker” - har yanzu akwai taswirar ɓoye da takardu. Ta mahangar jin daɗin yau da kullun, mafaka ba wani abu bane na musamman - an kawata su kuma an tanada su cikin ruhun ɗabi'ar Stalinist asceticism. Gidajen na hade ne, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da wani babban birni da aka haƙa kusa da Samara. Wani jita-jita ya dade yana musantawa: ba fursunoni ne suka gina masaukin ba, amma masu ginin kyauta ne daga Moscow, Kharkov da Donbass. A ƙarshen ginin a 1943, ba a harbe su ba, amma an aika su zuwa wani aikin.
A cikin "Stalin's Bunker"
6. Samara bai yi kiwon baya a wajen samar da abubuwan sha masu karfi ba. Gwamnatoci a ƙarƙashin sarakuna daban-daban suna canzawa koyaushe tsakanin kamfani mai mallakar mallakar ƙasa kan sayar da "ingantaccen ruwan inabi", wato, vodka, da tsarin fansa. A cikin lamarin na farko, jihar, tare da taimakon mutane masu daraja, ta nada wannan ko wancan mutumin ya zama shugaban sayar da vodka a wani yanki. A karo na biyu, an sami haƙƙin kasuwanci da fararen ƙaramin fata a wurin gwanjon - idan ka biya wani adadi, zaka iya siyar da duk ma lardin. A hankali, mun kawo daidaito: jihar tana sayar da giya a cikin babban kasuwa, yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu suna siyarwa a kiri. An fara gwada wannan tsarin a larduna hudu, ciki har da Samara. A Samara, a cikin 1895, an gina kayan jirgi tare da kuɗin da aka ware daga baitulmalin. Ya kasance a kusurwar titin Lev Tolstoy na yau da titin Nikitinskaya, ba da nisa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ba. A cikin shekarar farko bayan kai ƙarfin ƙira, injin, wanda aka saka hannun jarin dubu 750,000, ana biyan kuɗin fito ne kawai a cikin miliyan ɗaya. Bayan haka, kayan Samara sun kawo dala miliyan 11 zuwa baitul kowace shekara.
Ginin rarraba
7. Tarurrukan al'adar bikin sabuwar shekara tare da bishiyar Kirsimeti yana da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da Kuibyshev. A shekarun farko na ikon Soviet, ba a ba da hankali ga bishiyoyi ba, amma a hankali an cire alamar da ke nuna Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara daga rayuwar yau da kullun. Sai kawai a cikin 1935 sakataren kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU (b) Pavel Postyshev a jajibirin sabuwar shekara ya buga wata kasida wacce a ciki ya yi kira da a koma ga al'adun bishiyar Kirsimeti, domin ko V. Lenin ya zo gidan marayu don itacen Kirsimeti. Bayan amincewar ƙasar, itacen ya sake zama alama ta hutun Sabuwar Shekara. Kuma Postyshev, bayan irin wannan kyakkyawan tunanin, an nada shi sakatare na farko na kwamitin yankin Kuibyshev na CPSU (b). Amma sabon shugaban yankin ya zo Kuibyshev ba tare da bishiyar Kirsimeti da kyaututtuka ba, amma da niyyar ci gaba da yakar makiyan mutane - 1937 ne. Trotskyist, ɗan fascist da sauran farfaganda na ƙiyayya a Kuibyshev, a cewar Postyshev, ba su gamu da wata turjiya ba. Postyshev ya sami swastikas, silhouettes na Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev da sauran abokan gaba a kan littattafan rubutu na makaranta, akwatunan wasa, har ma da yanke tsiren alade. Binciken Postyshev mai ban sha'awa ya ci gaba har tsawon shekara guda kuma ya jawo asarar ɗaruruwan rayuka. A 1938 aka kama shi aka harbe shi. Kafin a zartar da hukuncin, ya rubuta wasika ta tuba, a ciki ya yarda cewa da gangan yake shiga cikin ayyukan adawa. A cikin 1956 Postyshev an sake gyara shi.
Wataƙila Postyshev yayi kama da Stalin sosai?
8. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Samara ya bayyana a cikin 1851, kuma abin kunya "Sufeto Janar" shine farkon samarwa. Theungiyar ba ta da wuraren da take da ita, sun yi wasa a gidan ɗan kasuwa Lebedev. Bayan wannan gidan ya ƙone, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na katako a kan masu biyan kuɗi. Zuwa ƙarshen karni, wannan ginin ya zama mai lalacewa kuma koyaushe yana buƙatar mahimman kuɗi don gyara. A ƙarshe, City Duma ta yanke shawarar rusa ginin kuma gina sabon, babban birni. Don wannan aikin sun juya zuwa ga ƙwararren masani - masanin gine-ginen Moscow Mikhail Chichagov, wanda ya riga ya sami ayyukan silima a cikin asusunsa. Mai zanen gidan ya gabatar da aikin, amma Duma ta yanke shawarar cewa facade ba ta yi ado sosai ba, kuma za a buƙaci ƙarin kayan ado a cikin salon Rasha. Chichagov ya bita aikin kuma ya fara gini. Ginin, wanda kudinsa yakai dubu 170,000 (asalin kimantawa yakai 85,000), an buɗe shi ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1888. Mazauna Samara sun so ginin mai kyau, wanda ya yi kama da waina ko gidan tsana, kuma birni ya sami sabon wurin tarihi.
9. Samara ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antar sararin samaniya. Anan ne, a masana'antar ci gaba, cewa mafi yawan roket ana kera su ne don harba tauraron dan adam da kumbo zuwa sararin samaniya. Har zuwa 2001, duk da haka, mutum zai iya sanin ikon roket na sararin samaniya kawai. Sannan kuma an buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Sararin Samara, babban baje kolin wanda shine rokar Soyuz. An shigar da shi tsaye, kamar dai a wurin farawa, wanda ginin gidan kayan gargajiya ke aiki. Tsarin Cyclopean, kusan tsayin mita 70, yayi kyau sosai. Gidan kayan tarihin kanta ba zai iya yin alfahari da tarin abubuwan nune-nunen ba. A saman benaye biyu, akwai abubuwan rayuwar yau da kullun ga 'yan sama jannati, gami da sanannen abinci daga bututu, da sassa da gutsuttsukan fasahar sararin samaniya. Amma ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya sun kirkiro kirkirar abubuwan tunawa. Kuna iya siyan kwafin fitowar jaridar tare da saƙo game da jirgin sararin samaniya, ƙananan abubuwa da yawa da alamun sarari, da dai sauransu.
10. Akwai metro a Samara. Don bayyana shi, dole ne ku yi amfani da kalmar "wallahi" sau da yawa. Ya zuwa yanzu, jirgin Samara ya ƙunshi layi ɗaya kawai da tashoshi 10. Ba za ku iya ɗaukar metro a tashar jirgin ƙasa ba tukuna. Ya zuwa yanzu, yawan fasinjojin fasinjoji miliyan 16 ne kawai a kowace shekara (mafi munin alama a Rasha). Alamar lokaci ɗaya tana cin kuɗi rubles 28, mafi tsada fiye da metro kawai a cikin manyan biranen. Abinda yake shine jirgin Samara yana da ƙaramin talla na Soviet sosai. Dangane da haka, ci gaban metro yanzu yana buƙatar kuɗi fiye da na sauran biranen. Saboda haka, a yanzu (!) Jirgin Samara yana yin aikin ado.
Motar Saratov ba ta da yawa
11. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1971, wani lamari ya faru a cikin Kuibyshev na wancan lokacin da ana iya kiransa mai ban sha'awa idan ba don matar da ta mutu ba. Kyaftin din jirgin busassun-kaya "Volgo-Don-12" Boris Mironov bai kirga tsayin dutsen jirgin nasa da kuma saurin abin da ke gudana ba. Gidan motar "Volgo-Don-12" ya haɗu da gadar motar mota a ƙetaren Samara. Yawancin lokaci a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi jirgin yana fama da babbar lalacewa, amma komai ya tafi daidai. Tsarin laulayi na gidan keken hannu ya rushe ainun na tsawan tsawan mita goma na gada, kuma nan take ya faɗi akan jirgin. Jirgin ya ragargaza keken motar, yana murƙushe Mironov, wanda ba shi da lokacin yin tsalle daga ciki. Bugu da kari, dakunan da ke gefen tauraron an farfasa su. A cikin ɗayan gidajen akwai matar mai gyaran wutar jirgin da ta mutu nan take. Binciken ya nuna cewa wadanda suka gina gadar (an bude ta a 1954) ba su gyara faduwar gaba kwata-kwata! Bugu da ƙari, babu wanda aka ɗora alhakin abin da ya faru, kuma an sanya jirgin a cikin shekara guda daga baya, kuma ba tare da tabbatar da shi ba. Don haka Kuibyshev ya shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin birni ɗaya tilo wanda jirgi ya lalata wata gada.
12. Bayan tserewa daga Ingila, mambobin shahararrun "Cambridge Five" (gungun masanan Ingilishi waɗanda suka haɗa kai da Tarayyar Soviet, an fi sanin Kim Philby) Guy Burgess da Donald McLean suna zaune a Kuibyshev. McLean ya koyar da Turanci a kwalejin malamin, Burgess ba ta aiki. Sun zauna a cikin gida 179 akan titin Frunze. Dukansu 'yan wasan sun mallaki rayuwar Soviet gaba daya. Matar Maclean da yaranta ba da daɗewa ba suka zo. Melinda McLean 'yar wani hamshakin mai kuɗi ne na Amurka, amma cikin nutsuwa ta tafi kasuwa, ta yi wanka, ta tsabtace ɗakin. Burgess ya fi wahala, amma a hankali kawai - a Landan ya saba da rayuwa mai yawan hayaniya, bukukuwa, da sauransu. Dole ne ya jure na tsawon shekaru biyu - 'yan leƙen asirin sun isa Kuibyshev a 1953, kuma sun bayyana su a 1955. Sun ziyarci Kuibyshev da Kim Philby. A cikin 1981, ya zagaya Volga kuma ya sadu da abokan aiki daga KGB na cikin gida.
Donald da Melinda McLean a cikin USSR
Guy Burgess
13. A cikin 1918, mazauna Samara suna da ranar da, bisa ga maganar zamani, wata babbar mota dauke da gingerbread ta juya kan titin su. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, bangarorin ja, bayan sun sami labarin saurin tafiyar sojojin Kanar Kappel, sun tsere daga Kazan, suna barin gwal na ƙasar Rasha. Farar sun kwashe zinare da abubuwa masu daraja akan jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Samara. A nan karamar hukumar, abin da ake kira Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki, ya sami labarin isowar kaya masu tamani daga shugabannin jiragen ruwa kawai. Dubunnan zinare da azurfa, biliyoyin rubles a cikin takardun kuɗi sun ɗora a kan dutsen na yini ɗaya, tare da wasu tsirarun sojoji. A bayyane yake cewa jita-jita game da irin wannan kyauta ta bazu a cikin gari kamar wutar daji, kuma ƙarshen duniya ya fara a kan jirgin. Koyaya, yanayin ɗacin rai har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai a lokacin, kuma babu wanda ya fara harbin taron (shekara guda bayan haka, waɗanda suke ɗokin zinariya da an sare su da bindigogi). Nawa zinare da mazaunan Samara suka sata ya kasance ba a san shi ba, har sai ya faɗa hannun Farin Czech, suna tunanin haka: ƙari ko dera tan goma. Kuma ba da daɗewa ba an yi zafi da murhunan tare da takardun kuɗi ...
Kanar Kappel ya kasance mai nutsuwa
14. Gaskiyar cewa fursunonin yaƙi na Jamusawa sun halarci sake dawo da Tarayyar Soviet bayan yaƙi sanannen abu ne ga kowa.Amma a cikin USSR, gami da Kuibyshev, dubun dubatan Jamusawa kyauta (bisa ƙa'ida) suka yi aiki, suna taimakawa don ƙarfafa ikon tsaron ƙasar. Junkers da shuke-shuke na BMW, a shirye suke don samar da injinan injin turbin gas, sun faɗa cikin yankin Soviet na mamaya. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka sake kera kayan, amma a cikin 1946 kawancen suka fara zanga-zanga - bisa yarjejeniyar Potsdam, ba shi yiwuwa a samar da makamai da kayan aikin soja a yankunan da aka mamaye. Tarayyar Soviet ta cika abin da ake buƙata - an fitar da ma'aikatan masana'antu da ofisoshin zane, tare da wani ɓangare na kayan aikin, zuwa Kuibyshev, kuma an sanya su a ƙauyen Upravlenchesky. Gabaɗaya, an kawo kwararru 700 da membobin 1200 na danginsu. Jamusawa masu horo sun shiga cikin haɓaka injuna a cikin ofisoshin ƙira uku har zuwa 1954. Koyaya, ba su cika damuwa ba. Yanayin rayuwa ya raunana rashin gida. Jamusawa sun karɓi rupees 3,000 (injiniyoyin Soviet suna da aƙalla 1,200), suna da damar yin kayan masarufi da odar kayayyakin ƙira, suna zaune a cikin gidaje tare da duk abubuwan da ke cikin (a wancan lokacin).
Jamusawa a Kuibyshev. Hoton ɗayan injiniyoyin
15. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1999, Samara ya kasance cikin dukkan labarai da a gaban duk jaridu. Da misalin karfe 6 na yamma, jami’in dake kula da lamuran cikin gida na birni ya sanar da ma’aikatar kashe gobara cewa gobara ta tashi a ginin sashen ‘yan sanda. Duk da kokarin da ‘yan kwana-kwana suka yi, amma ya yiwu a gano wutar sai bayan awanni 5, kuma an kashe wutar ne da misalin karfe biyar da rabi na safe. Sakamakon wutar, da kuma guba da kayayyakin konewa da kuma raunuka da aka samu yayin ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ginin da ke konewa (mutane suka yi tsalle daga tagogin benen sama), an kashe 'yan sanda 57. Binciken, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekara daya da rabi, ya zo karshe cewa wutar ta fara ne da guntun taba sigari da ba a kashe ba wanda aka jefa a cikin kwandon roba a ofishin mai lamba 75, wanda ke hawa na biyu na ginin GUVD. Sannan wutar da ake zargin ta bazu a kan benaye. Wadannan benaye katako ne guda biyu, sararin da ke tsakanin sa an cika shi da shara iri-iri yayin aikin. Kamar yadda kuka sani, wuta, ba kamar zafi ba, tana faduwa sosai, don haka fasalin binciken yayi matukar girgiza. Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara ya fahimci wannan. An soke shawarar rufe shari’ar, kuma ana ci gaba da bincike har zuwa yau.
