Marat Akhtyamov
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1932 - 1898) shine tauraruwa mafi haskakawa a cikin tauraron taurari na masanan ƙasar Rasha. Babu wanda ya nuna ƙwarewa mafi girma wajen kwatanta yanayin Rasha. Duk aikinsa anyi karkashin tunani ne na nuna kyawawan dabi'u daidai gwargwado.
Daruruwan ayyuka sun fito daga ƙarƙashin burushin Shishkin, fensir da abun yanka. Akwai zane-zane da yawa ɗari. A lokaci guda, yana da matukar wuya a rarrabe su ta lokacin rubutu ko ta hanyar fasaha. Tabbas, a shekaru 60, yayi zane daban-daban fiye da na 20. Amma babu bambanci sosai a jigogi, dabara ko tsarin launi tsakanin zanen Shishkin.
Irin wannan daidaituwa, haɗe da sauƙi na waje, sunyi wasa mai ban dariya tare da gadon Shishkin. Mutane da yawa da ke cikin zane, ilmi game da zanen, ko kuma wani yanki na ilimi game da zanen, suna ɗaukar zanen I.I Shishkin a matsayin mai sauƙi, ko da na asali. 'Yan kasuwa sun yi amfani da wannan sauki a bayyane, ba tare da yadda aka kira su a Rasha ba yayin sauya tsarin siyasa. A sakamakon haka, a wani lokaci ana iya ganin Shishkin ko'ina: a kan haifuwa, darduma, kayan zaki, da sauransu. Akwai wani ra'ayi game da Shishkin a matsayin mai kera wani abu mara dadi da tsari.
A zahiri, ba shakka, aikin Ivan Shishkin ya banbanta kuma yana da fuskoki da yawa. Kuna buƙatar iya ganin wannan nau'ikan. Amma saboda wannan kuna buƙatar sanin yaren zanen, mahimman abubuwan da suka faru daga tarihin mai zane kuma ku iya yin ƙoƙari na ilimi don fahimtar su.
1. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin an haife shi a Elabuga (yanzu Tatarstan). Mahaifinsa Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin mutum ne mai hazaka, amma ba shi da sa'a a cikin kasuwanci. Kasancewar ya gaji mukamin dan kasuwa na rukuni na biyu, ya yi cinikin ba tare da samun nasara ba da farko ya sanya hannu a kungiyar ta uku, sannan kuma ya sallame kansa gaba daya daga 'yan kasuwar da ke tsakiyar. Amma a Elabuga yana da babban iko a matsayin masanin kimiyya. Ya gina ruwan sha a cikin gari, wanda a lokacin ya kasance abin kaɗan a manyan biranen. Ivan Vasilievich ya san game da masana'antar har ma ya rubuta littafi don ginin su. Bugu da kari, Shishkin Sr. ya kasance mai son tarihi da kayan tarihi. Ya buɗe tsoffin kabarin Ananyinsky kusa da Yelabuga, wanda aka zaba shi memba na daidai na Arungiyar Archaeological Moscow. Shekaru da yawa Ivan Vasilievich shi ne magajin gari.
Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin
2. Zane ya kasance mai sauƙi ga Ivan kuma ya ɗauki kusan duk lokacin hutu. Bayan karatun shekaru hudu a Gymnasium na Kazan na Farko, ɗayan mafiya kyau a ƙasar, ya ƙi ci gaba da karatu. Ba ya son zama ɗan kasuwa ko jami'i. Tsawon shekaru huɗu, dangin suna gwagwarmaya don makomar ƙaramin ɗa, wanda yake son yin nazarin zane-zane ("ya zama mai zanen hoto" a cewar mahaifiyarsa). Sai kawai yana ɗan shekara 20 iyayensa suka yarda su ƙyale shi zuwa Makarantar Fasaha da Sassaka ta Moscow.
Hoton kai a cikin samartaka
3. Duk da yawan dubawa marasa dadi game da yanayin siyasa da al'adu a Rasha a tsakiyar karni na 19, dabi'un Makarantar Fasaha da Zane-zanen Makarantar sun kasance kyauta gaba daya Wannan makarantar ta kasance kusan analog na makarantun koyar da ilmin Soviet - mafi kyaun masu digiri sun tafi kara karatu a Kwalejin Arts, sauran sun iya aiki a matsayin malamai zane. A cikin mahimmanci, sun bukaci abu ɗaya daga ɗaliban - don ƙarin aiki. Matashi Shishkin kawai ya buƙace shi. Daya daga cikin abokan nasa a cikin wata wasika ya zarge shi a hankali, yana cewa Sokolniki ya riga ya sake yin komai. Ee, a waccan shekarun Sokolniki da Sviblovo sun kasance mafarkai, inda masu zanen wuri suka yi zane-zane.
Ginin Makarantar Makarantar Fenti da Sassaka
4. A makarantar, Shishkin ya kirkiro bayanan sa na farko. Bai taɓa barin zane-zane da kwafi ba. Dangane da ƙaramin taron bita na Artel na Artists a cikin 1871, an ƙirƙiri Societyungiyar Aquan Ruwa na Rasha. Shishkin na ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Rasha wanda ya fara ɗaukar zanen zane a matsayin nau'in zane na daban. Gwajin farko na masu zane-zane ya kara gano yiwuwar yin kwatancen ayyukan zane. Shishkin yayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na asali. Ya buga kundaye biyar na etchings kuma ya zama mafi kyawun zane a Rasha.
Sassaka "Gizagizai akan Grove"
5. Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa, Ivan Ivanovich ya juya sosai ga kimantawa na waje game da ayyukansa. Koyaya, ba abin mamaki bane - dangi, saboda ƙuntatawa na kansu, sun taimaka masa kaɗan, don haka lafiyar maƙerin, tun daga lokacin da ya tafi Moscow, kusan ya dogara ne da nasarorin. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin girma, zai kasance cikin damuwa da gaske lokacin da Makarantar, bayan ta yaba da ɗayan ayyukansa, ta ba shi umarni, kuma ba ta ba da taken farfesa ba. Umurnin mai girma ne, amma bai ba da komai ba. A cikin tsarist Russia, hatta hafsoshin soja sun sayi lambobin yabo da kansu. Kuma taken farfesa ya ba da ingantaccen kudin shiga na dindindin.
6. Kasancewa ya shiga Kwalejin kere kere, Shishkin ya shafe lokuta da dama na karatun bazara - kamar yadda Kwalejin ta kira abin da daga baya za a kira aikin masana'antu - aka kashe akan Valaam. Yanayin tsibirin, wanda ke arewacin tafkin Ladoga, ya burge mai zanan. Duk lokacin da ya bar Balaam, sai ya fara tunanin dawowa. A Valaam, ya koyi yin manyan zane-zanen alkalami, wanda hatta masu sana'a wasu lokuta ba sa tunanin zane-zane. Ga ayyukan Valaam, an ba Shishkin lambar yabo ta Kwaleji da yawa, gami da Babban Zinaren Zinare tare da rubutun "Woran Mutuwa".
Ofaya daga cikin zane daga Valaam
7. Ivan Ivanovich ya ƙaunaci mahaifarsa ba kawai a matsayin yanayi na shimfidar wurare ba. Tare da Babban Lambar Zinare, a lokaci guda ya karɓi haƙƙin balaguron kasuwancin kasuwanci na dogon lokaci da aka biya zuwa ƙasashen waje. La'akari da kudin shigar mai zane, wannan na iya zama dama ta farko da ta ƙarshe a rayuwa. Amma Shishkin ya nemi shugabannin Makarantar su maye gurbinsa zuwa kasashen waje tare da tafiya Kama da Volga zuwa Tekun Caspian. Ba hukumomi kawai suka gigice ba. Ko da abokai na kusa da waƙa sun bukaci mawaƙin ya shiga cikin abubuwan wayewar Turai. A ƙarshe, Shishkin ya daina. Gabaɗaya, babu wani abu mai ma'ana da ya zo daga tafiyar. Malaman Bature basu bashi mamaki ba. Mai zane ya yi ƙoƙarin zanen dabbobi da shimfidar birni, amma bisa yarda ko ba da so, ya zaɓi yanayi wanda aƙalla ya yi daidai da ƙaunataccen Balaam. Abin farin cikin shine kawai jin daɗin abokan aikinmu na Turai da hoton da aka zana ƙarƙashin biyan kuɗin gaba da aka ɗauka a St. Petersburg, wanda ke nuna garken shanu a cikin gandun daji. Shishkin ya sanya wa Paris suna "cikakkiyar Babila", amma bai je Italiya ba: "yana da daɗi sosai". Daga ƙasashen waje, Shishkin ya gudu da wuri, yana amfani da watanni na ƙarshe don ya tsaya ya yi aiki a Yelabuga.
Sanannen garken shanu
8. Komawa zuwa St. Petersburg ya kasance nasara ga mai zane. Yayin da yake zaune a Yelabuga, ayyukansa na Turai sun yi fice. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1865, ya zama masanin ilimi. An nemi zanen sa mai suna "Duba a kusancin Dusseldorf" na ɗan lokaci daga mai shi Nikolai Bykov don a baje shi a baje kolin Duniya a Faris. Can canjan Shishkin ya kasance tare da zanen Aivazovsky da Bogolyubov.
Duba cikin kusancin Dusseldorf
9. Nikolai Bykov da aka ambata a baya ba kawai an biya wani bangare ba ne saboda tafiyar Shishkin zuwa Turai. A zahiri, tasirin sa akan membobin Makarantar ya zama mai yanke hukunci game da batun danganta mai zane zuwa taken masanin ilimi. Da zaran ya karɓi "Duba cikin kusancin Dusseldorf" ta wasiƙa, sai ya garzaya don nuna hoton ga fitattun masu zane-zane. Kuma kalmar Bykov tana da babban nauyi a cikin da'irar zane-zane. Shi kansa ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin, amma bai rubuta komai ba. An san shi da hoton kansa da kuma hoton Zhukovsky na Karl Bryullov (wannan kwafin ne aka buga a cikin caca don fansar Taras Shevchenko daga masarautar). Amma Bykov yana da baiwar hangen nesa dangane da matasa masu fasaha. Ya sayi zane daga samari Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Kiprensky kuma, ba shakka, Shishkin, a ƙarshe ya tattara tarin yawa.
Nikolay Bykov
10. A lokacin rani na 1868, Shishkin, wanda ke kula da matashin mai fasaha Fyodor Vasiliev a lokacin, ya sadu da 'yar uwarsa Evgenia Alexandrovna. Tuni a cikin kaka, sun yi bikin aure. Ma'auratan sun ƙaunaci juna, amma auren bai kawo musu farin ciki ba. Bakin fata ya fara a cikin 1872 - mahaifin Ivan Ivanovich ya mutu. Bayan shekara guda, ɗana ɗan shekara biyu ya mutu sakamakon cutar ƙwanƙwasa (mai fasaha kansa ma ya yi rashin lafiya sosai). Fyodor Vasiliev ya mutu bayan shi. A watan Maris na 1874, Shishkin ya rasa matarsa, kuma bayan shekara ɗaya sai wani ɗan ƙaramin ya mutu.
Evgenia Alexandrovna, matar farko ta mai zane
11. Idan I. Shishkin bai kasance fitaccen mai fasaha ba, da zai iya zama masanin kimiyyar-tsirrai. Sha'awar isar da sako zuwa ga rayuwar namun daji ya tilasta shi yin nazarin tsirrai cikin tsanaki. Ya yi wannan duka a lokacin tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Turai, da kuma lokacin ritayarsa (watau, aiwatar da shi a cikin kwalejin) tafiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Czech. Koyaushe yana da jagororin shuke-shuke da madubin hangen nesa a hannu, wanda ke da wuya ga masu zanen wuri. Amma dabi'ar wasu ayyukan mai zane suna da matukar gaskiya.
12. Aikin farko na Shishkin, wanda shahararren mai taimakon nan Pavel Tretyakov ya siya, shine zanen “Rana. A kusancin Moscow ”. Shahararren mai aikin ya yaba da hankalin sanannen mai tarawar, har ma ya taimaka ya fitar da 300 rubles don zane. Daga baya, Tretyakov ya sayi yawancin zane-zanen Shishkin, kuma farashin su na ta hauhawa koyaushe. Misali, don zanen “Pine Forest. Mast katako a cikin lardin Vyatka ”Tretyakov ya riga ya biya rubles 1,500.
Rana. A kusancin Moscow
13. Shishkin ya taka rawa sosai a cikin kirkira da aikin Associationungiyar Nunin Artungiyar Nuni ta Balaguro. A zahiri, rayuwar sa gaba ɗaya tun 1871 tana da alaƙa da Maƙasudin. Guda "Pine Forest…" an fara ganin jama'a a baje kolin tafiya na farko. A cikin abokan tafiya, Shishkin ya haɗu da Ivan Kramskoy, wanda ya yaba da zanen Ivan Ivanovich sosai. Masu zane-zane sun zama abokai kuma sun ɗauki lokaci mai yawa tare da iyalansu akan zane-zanen filin. Kramskoy ya ɗauki Shishkin ɗan zane na matakin Turai. A cikin daya daga cikin wasikunsa daga Paris, ya rubuta wa Ivan Ivanovich cewa idan aka kawo wani daga cikin takardunsa zuwa Salon, masu sauraro za su zauna a kan ƙafafunsu na baya.
Masu yawo Lokacin da Shishkin yayi magana, bass dinsa ya katse kowa
14. A farkon 1873, Shishkin ya zama farfesa a fannin zanen kasa. Makarantar ta bayar da wannan taken ne sakamakon sakamakon gasar, wanda kowa ya gabatar da aikinsa. Shishkin ya zama farfesa a zanen "Jejin". Ya sami taken farfesa, wanda ya ba shi damar daukar ɗalibai a hukumance, na dogon lokaci. Kramskoy ya rubuta cewa Shishkin na iya daukar mutane 5 - 6 zane-zane, kuma zai koyar da duk masu hankali, yayin da ya kai shekara 10 sai ya bar Makarantar shi kadai, har ma wancan na gurgu. Shishkin ya auri ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa, Olga Pagoda, a cikin 1880. Wannan auren, da rashin alheri, ya fi na farkon gajarta - Olga Alexandrovna ya mutu, da kyar ya sami lokacin haihuwar 'ya mace, a cikin 1881. A cikin 1887, mai zane-zane ya wallafa kundin faifan zane na matar marigayin. Ayyukan karantarwar Shishkin ya gajarta. Ba zai iya zaban ɗalibai ba, sai ya yi murabus shekara guda bayan nadin nasa.
15. Mai zanen ya ci gaba da zamani. Lokacin da aikin ɗaukar hoto da ɗaukar hoto ya zama mai sauƙin isa ga jama'a, ya sayi kyamara da kayan haɗin da ake buƙata kuma ya fara amfani da hoto sosai a cikin aikinsa. Fahimtar ajizancin hoto a wancan lokacin, Shishkin ya yaba da gaskiyar cewa hakan ya sa ya yiwu a yi aiki a lokacin hunturu lokacin da babu wata hanyar fentin shimfidar wurare daga yanayi.
16. Ba kamar yawancin wakilan ƙwararrun sana'o'in kere-kere ba, I. Shishkin ya ɗauki aiki kamar sabis. Da gaske bai fahimci mutanen da ke jiran wahayi su zo ba. Aiki da wahayi zasu zo. Kuma abokan aiki, bi da bi, suna mamakin aikin Shishkin. Kowa ya faɗi haka a cikin wasiƙu da kuma tunatarwa. Kramskoy, alal misali, ya yi mamakin tarin zane-zanen da Shishkin ya kawo daga ɗan gajeren tafiya zuwa Kirimiya. Ko da abokin Ivan Ivanovich ya ɗauka cewa shimfidar wurare sabanin abin da abokin nasa ya rubuta zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci don sabawa. Kuma Shishkin ya fita zuwa yanayi kuma ya zana tsaunukan Kirimiya. Wannan karfin aiki ya taimaka masa ya rabu da shan barasa a cikin mawuyacin rayuwa (akwai irin wannan zunubi).
17. Shahararren zanen nan "Washe gari a cikin dajin pine" I. Shishkin ne ya zana shi tare da hadin gwiwar Konstantin Savitsky. Savitsky ya nuna wa abokin aikinsa zane-zanen jinsi tare da 'ya'yan ku biyu. Shishkin cikin tunani ya kewaye gumakan beran tare da shimfidar wuri kuma ya gayyaci Savitsky ya zana hoto tare. Mun amince cewa Savitsky zai karɓi rubu'in farashin sayarwa, kuma Shishkin zai karɓi sauran. A yayin gudanar da aikin, adadin 'ya'yan da aka haifa ya karu zuwa hudu. Savitsky ya zana hotunan su. An zana zanen a shekarar 1889 kuma babbar nasara ce. Pavel Tretyakov ya siya ne a kan 4,000 rubles, 1,000 daga ciki Shihkin's co-author ya karɓa. Daga baya Tretyakov, saboda wasu dalilai da ba a sani ba, ya goge sa hannun Savitsky daga zane.
Kowa ya ga wannan hoton
18. A cikin 1890s, Shishkin ya kulla kawance da abokin aikinsa Arkhip Kuindzhi. A cewar 'yar yayan Shishkin, wanda ke zaune a gidansa, Kuindzhi yakan zo wurin Shishkin kusan kullun. Duk masu zane-zane sun yi jayayya da wasu daga cikin inean hanya kan batun shiga cikin sake fasalin Kwalejin Fasaha: Shishki da Kuindzhi sun kasance ne don shiga, har ma sun yi aiki a kan daftarin sabon kundin tsarin mulki, kuma wasu daga cikin Yan tawayen sun kasance masu adawa sosai. Kuma Kuindzhi ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin marubucin marubucin zanen Shishkin "A cikin Dajin Arewa" - Komarova ta tuna cewa Arkhip Ivanovich ya sanya ƙaramin ɗigo a kan zane da aka gama, wanda ke nuna haske mai nisa.
"A arewacin daji ..." Ba a ganin wutar Kuindzhi, amma hakan ne
19. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1891, aka buɗe babban baje kolin ayyukan Ivan Shishkin a zauren makarantar. A karo na farko a tarihin zanen Rasha, baje kolin mutum ya nuna ba kawai ayyukan da aka gama ba, har ma da gutsuttukan shirya: zane-zane, zane, zane, da dai sauransu. Mai zanen ya yanke shawarar nuna yadda aka haifi fenti, don nuna yadda tsarin haihuwarsa yake. Duk da sharhi mai mahimmanci daga abokan aiki, ya sanya irin waɗannan nune-nunen gargajiya.
20. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin ya mutu a cikin bitar sa a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1898. Ya yi aiki tare tare da ɗalibinsa Grigory Gurkin. Gurkin yana zaune a can nesa daga cikin taron bita sai ya ji wani kara. Ya yi nasarar gudu, ya kama malamin da ke fadowa gefensa ya jawo shi kan shimfida. Ivan Ivanovich yana kan sa kuma ya mutu 'yan mintoci kaɗan. Sun binne shi a makabartar Smolensk da ke St. A cikin 1950, wurin da aka binne I. Shishkin an sauya shi zuwa Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Abin tunawa ga I. Shishkin
