A ƙarshen 18 da rabi na farko na ƙarni na 19, adabin Rasha ya sami ci gaba mai ƙarfi a cikin ci gabansa. A cikin shekaru gommai, ya zama mafi ci gaba a duniya. Sunayen marubutan Rasha sun zama sananne a duk duniya. Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Griboyedov - waɗannan sune sanannun sunaye kawai.
Kowane fasaha yana wanzuwa a bayan lokaci, amma a lokaci guda yana da nasa lokacin. Don fahimtar kowane aiki, kuna buƙatar jin ba kawai mahallinsa ba, amma mahallin ƙirƙirar sa. Sai dai idan kun san cewa rikicin Pugachev na ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar ga kasancewar ƙasar Rasha a cikin tarihinta duka, canayar Kyaftin Pushkin ana iya ɗauka a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na halin ɗoki. Amma a cikin yanayin cewa jihar na iya yin tuntuɓe, kuma rayukan mutane sun kasance masu ƙarfi a lokaci guda, abubuwan da suka faru na Pyotr Grinev sun ɗan bambanta.
Bayan lokaci, al'amuran rayuwa da yawa suna canzawa ko ɓacewa. Kuma marubutan da kansu basu karkata ga “tauna” bayanan da kowa ya sani a lokacin rubuta su ba. Wani abu a cikin ayyukan shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata ana iya fahimta ta hanyar yin tambayoyi masu sauƙi. Gaskiyar cewa "rayuka" serfs ne ko kuma wanene ya tsufa: ana iya samun ɗan sarki ko ƙidaya a cikin dannawa biyu. Amma kuma akwai abubuwan da suke buƙatar ɗan ƙarin bincike don bayyanawa.
1. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin al'adun mutanen Rasha da adabin gargajiya na Rasha sun bayyana a kusan lokaci guda. Tabbas, da'a da adabi sun wanzu kafin wannan, amma a ƙarshen 18 - rabin farko na ƙarni na 19 suka fara yaɗuwa musamman a ko'ina. Don haka rashin gaskiyar wasu haruffan adabi kamar Taras Skotinin ko Mikhail Semyonovich Sobakevich za a iya bayaninsu da jahilcinsu game da rikitarwa na da'a.
2. A farkon wasan barkwanci na Denis Fonvizin "Minaramin" Misis Prostakova ta azabtar da serf ɗin saboda ɗan kaftin da aka dinka. Tufafin, ga alama, anyi masu dinki da gaske - har ma maigidan da ba shi da kirki ya yarda da wannan, kuma ya gayyaci uwargidan ta koma wurin tela da aka koya masa dinki. Tana yin lissafi - duk masu sana'ar tela sun koya daga wani, menene ɓangaren maƙarƙashiya? Ba ta jinkirta kiran hujjojin serf “mafi kyawu”. Wannan fage ba karin gishiri bane ga marubucin. Duk waɗannan gwamnatocin Faransa, quafers, tela, da sauransu, ana iya ba da su ta hanyar manyan mashahurai masu martaba. Yawancin ƙaramin manyan sarakunan da aka sa su yi tare da wakilan, dunks da kwaɗi. A lokaci guda, abubuwan da ake buƙata na masu sana'a na gida sun yi yawa. Idan baka dace ba - wataƙila zuwa barga a ƙarƙashin bulalar.
3. Abubuwa masu yawa na auren tilas da aka bayyana a cikin adabin Rasha, a zahiri, ya ƙawata gaskiya. An aurar da 'yan mata ba tare da sanin ra'ayinsu ba, ba tare da sun hadu da ango ba, a turke. Ko da Peter I an tilasta shi ya ba da doka sau uku ta hana auren samari ba tare da sanin su ba. A banza! Sarki, wanda ya jagoranci dubun dubatar sojoji zuwa yaƙi, wanda Turai ke jin tsoronsa, ba shi da ƙarfi. Na dogon lokaci a cikin coci-coci, tambayoyi game da ko matasa na son yin aure da kuma ko shawarar da suka yanke na son rai ne ya haifar da raha da annashuwa a kusurwar haikalin. Nicholas I, a martanin wata wasika daga ‘yarsa Olga, wacce ta nemi alfarma ga auren, ya rubuta: ita kadai ce ke da ikon yanke hukuncin makomarta daidai da ilhamar Allah. Ya kasance kusan tunani-kyauta. Iyaye sun dauki 'ya'yansu mata a matsayin dukiyoyinsu ko ma jari - an gabatar da aure azaman ceto ga tsofaffin iyayen da suka rage ba burodin burodi. Kuma furcin “kare saurayi” ba ya nufin damuwa da yawa game da ƙaunatacciyar daughterarsa. Mahaifiyar yarinya, tayi aure tana da shekaru 15, ta zauna tare da saurayin kuma bata barin mijinta ya yi amfani da hakkinsa. Shahararren ɗan wasan barkwanci na Petersburg, Prince Alexander Kurakin, ya sami suna tun yana ɗan shekara 26. Da yake yanke shawara ya zauna, ya yarda da kansa ya auri ɗiyar Gimbiya Dashkova (wannan abokiyar ta Empress Catherine, wacce ke ilimi, makarantar kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo da mujallu). Bayan bai karɓi sadaki ba, ba kuma mata ba, Kurakin ya jimre har tsawon shekaru uku, sannan kawai ya gudu.
Vasily Pukirev. "Auren rashin daidaito"
4. Makircin labarin "Poor Liza" na Nikolai Karamzin ba shi da muhimmanci. Adabin duniya ba a hana shi labarai game da 'yan mata cikin soyayya waɗanda ba su sami farin ciki cikin ƙaunar mutum daga wani aji ba. Karamzin shine marubuci na farko a cikin adabin Rasha da ya rubuta makircin da aka kulla ta fuskar soyayya. Wahalar Lisa tana haifar da guguwar tausayawa daga mai karatu. Marubucin ya kasance da rashin hankali don bayyana daidai tafkin da Lisa ta nitse a ciki. Tafkin ya zama wurin aikin hajji ga samari masu kulawa. Kawai, yin hukunci da kwatancin mutanen zamanin, ƙarfin wannan ƙwarewar ya wuce gona da iri. An san dabi'un wakilan masu martaba ta hanyar irin abubuwan da A.S Pushkin ya yi ko kuma tsaransa, masu ruɗu. Circlesananan da'ira ba su yi baya ba. A kusancin manyan birane da manyan filaye, kuɗin haya ba zai wuce 10-15 ba a shekara, don haka ko da rubi biyu da aka karɓa daga wani mutumin kirki wanda ke son ƙauna babban taimako ne. Kifi ne kawai aka samu a cikin tafkunan.
5. A cikin waka mai ban dariya "Kaito daga Wit" na Alexander Griboyedov, kamar yadda kuka sani, akwai layin makirci guda biyu da aka haɗu. A ka’ida, ana iya kiransu “soyayya” (alwatiran nan uku na Chatsky - Sophia - Molchalin) da “zamantakewar siyasa” (dangantakar Chatsky da duniyar Moscow). Tare da hannun hannu na VG Belsinsky, da farko an fi mai da hankali kan na biyu, kodayake alwatiran nan uku ya fi ban sha'awa a yadda yake. A tsawon shekarun rubuta wasan barkwanci, auren wata yarinya mai ƙarancin daraja ya zama matsala. Iyaye sun aminta da dukiyarsu, ba tare da barin sadaki ga 'ya'yansu mata ba. Sanannen abu na ɗayan abokan A. Pushkin, wanda haske ya ɗauka. Lokacin da aka tambayeta wa ya auri maraya NN, sai ta amsa da ƙarfi: "Ma'aikata dubu takwas!" Saboda haka, ga mahaifin Sofia Famusov, matsalar ba wai sakatare mai ba da fatawa Molchalin ya kwana a cikin ɗakin kwana na 'yarsa ba (dole ne in ce, mai ladabi), amma kamar dai Chatsky ne, wanda ya san inda ya yi shekara uku, ba zato ba tsammani ya dawo ya rikice duk katunan. Famusov bashi da kudi don sadaki mai kyau.
6. A gefe guda kuma, yawan wadatar amare a kasuwar aure bai sanya maza a cikin wata dama ba. Bayan Yaƙin rioasa na 1812, jarumai da yawa sun bayyana. Amma aikin Catherine, wanda ya ƙara ɗaruruwan ko ma dubunnan rayuka a cikin lambobin yabo, ya ƙare tuntuni. Rataya tare da umarni da makamai na girmamawa, kanar na iya yin albashi. Ididdigar sun ba da ƙaramin kuɗin shiga, kuma an jinginar da su kuma an sake jingina su. Saboda haka, iyayen "sadaki" ba musamman suke duba martaba da umarni ba. Janar Arseny Zakrevsky, wanda ya nuna kansa sosai yayin yakin, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan hafsoshin soja kuma mataimakin babban hafsan Janar (Janar), ya yi niyyar ya auri daya daga cikin wakilan Tolstoy da yawa. Ga wata yarinya mai suna Agrafena sun ba da rayuka 12,000, don haka don yin aure, ya ɗauki wasan kwaikwayo na Sarki Alexander I. Amma sanannen janar Alexei Ermolov, bayan ya kasa auren budurwarsa ƙaunatacce saboda “rashin arziki”, ya bar yunƙurin kafa iyali, kuma ya zauna tare da ƙwaraƙwarai na Caucasian.
7. "Deromantization" kalma ce mai haske wacce masana suka kirkira don bayyana labarin A. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". Ka ce, da gangan mawaƙin ya lalata gwarzonsa, yana mai bayyana shan giyarsa ta Petersburg mara ƙarewa, katuna, duels da sauran halayen ƙazamar rayuwar masu gadin. A lokaci guda, samfurin Troekurov shima an lalata shi. Tula da mai gidan Ryazan Lev Izmailov fiye da shekaru 30 suna azabtar da ma'aikatansa ta kowace hanya. Izmailov yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kira "goyan bayan kursiyin" - da hannu ɗaya ya sanya alama ga serfs ɗin har lahira, ɗayan kuma ya kafa mayaƙa don rubles miliyan miliyan nasa kuma shi da kansa ya hau ƙarƙashin harsasai da buckshot. Shaidan da kansa ba dan’uwa bane a gareshi, ba kamar sarki ba - lokacin da aka fada masa cewa Nicholas I ya hana a hukunta masu sata da karfe, sai mai gidan ya bayyana cewa sarki yana da 'yanci ya yi duk abin da yake so a yankunnan sa, amma shi ne mai kula da dukiyar sa. Izmailov ya nuna halin da ya dace tare da maƙwabta - masu gidajen - ya buge su, ya jefar da su cikin fuka-fukai, kuma ba ƙaramin abu bane ƙwace ƙauyen. Masu kula da babban birnin da hukumomin lardin da aka siya sun rufe azzalumin har tsawon lokaci. Hatta umarnin sarki an yi zagon kasa a bayyane. Lokacin da Nikolai ya fusata, babu wanda ya isa ya isa. An karɓi komai daga Izmailov, kuma ma’aikatan hukuma suma sun samu.
8. Kusan dukkan jarumai adabi-hafsoshi wadanda suka tashi cikin manya-manyan mukamai, a wurin mai karatu, bayan wasu shekaru, sun girmi marubutan da nufin su. Bari mu tuna da mijin Pushkin Tatiana, jarumar Eugene Onegin. Tatiana ta auri yarima, kuma da alama wannan mutumin ya manyanta. Bai ma sami sunan uba ba, don haka, "Yarima N", kodayake akwai isassun sunaye da sunayen suna a cikin littafin. Pushkin, bayan da ya ba da kusan kalmomi goma sha biyu ga yarima, bai ambaci ko'ina cewa ya tsufa ba. Haihuwa, babban mukami na soja, mahimmancin - wannan shi ne abin da mawaƙin ya ambata. Amma babban matsayi ne wanda ke ba da alamar tsufa. Tabbas, a tsarin da muka saba dashi, jami'i yana bukatar shekaru masu yawa kafin ya kai ga matsayin janar, koda kuwa mutum baiyi la'akari da sanannen labarin da janar din yake da dan sa ba. Amma a farkon karni na 19, janar-janar, a tsarin yau, matasa ne marasa gemu. Gidan Tarihi yana da tarin hotuna na gwarazan yakin 1812. Ingilishi George Doe ne ya zana su, wanda Alexander I. ya ba da izini a cikin waɗannan hotunan, tsoffin mutane kamar Kutuzov suna kama da keɓaɓɓu. Mafi yawa matasa ko matasa masu shekaru. Sergei Volkonsky, wanda ya sami mukamin janar a 25, ko Mikhail Orlov, wanda aka bai wa mukamin janar din na ɗan shekara 26, an ɗauke shi matasa ne waɗanda suka yi aiki mai kyau, babu. Kuma abokin Pushkin Raevsky ya karɓi janar ɗin yana ɗan shekara 29 ba da wasa ba. Bayan duk wannan, dukansu suna cikin rajista tun suna yara, tsawon sabis ɗin ya isa ... Don haka mijin Tatyana zai iya girmar matarsa da onlyan shekaru kaɗan.
Alexander Berdyaev ya zama babban hafsa yana da shekaru 28
9. A cikin labarin A. Pushkin “Shot” akwai wani ɗan ƙaramin abu, wanda misalinsa zai iya fahimtar zaɓuɓɓuka don aikin soja na wakilan masu martaba a Rasha a wancan lokacin. A cikin rukunin dakaru, wanda Count B. ke aiki, wani saurayi ne ya fito daga dangin da ba a ambata sunansa ba, amma na musamman dangin mai martaba ne. Haƙiƙa an girma shi kuma an horar dashi, jajirtacce, mai arziki, kuma ya zama ƙaya da kishiya don ƙidayar. A ƙarshe, ya zo ne don yaƙin takobi. Da alama abu ne na gama gari - sabon shiga ga tsarin mulki, abu ne matashi, hakan na faruwa. Koyaya, bangon yana da zurfi sosai. An asalin manyan masu martaba sun tafi wurin masu tsaron doki ko cuirassiers. Su ne manyan dawakai. Ya isa a faɗi cewa duk kayan aikin, farawa da babban dokin Bajamushe, da ƙare tare da bambance-bambancen guda bakwai na tsarin doka, masu tsaron sun samo su da kuɗin kansu. Amma kuɗi bai warware komai ba - ko da da ɗan ladabtarwa kamar buɗe ƙofa, mutum yana iya tashi daga rundunonin cikin sauƙi. Amma ya yiwu a san yarinyar da iyayenta ba tare da yin sulhu ba, wanda sauran ba su da izinin. Mutane, mafi sauki da talauci, sun yi rajista azaman uhlans ko hussars. Anan akwai giyar shampen da yawa daga maƙogwaro, da kuma peyzans a cikin ɓarke - muna rayuwa sau ɗaya. Sojojin doki masu dawakai masu haske sun mutu cikin mutane da yawa a kowane yaƙi, kuma halayensu ga rayuwa ya dace. Amma mashi da hussars suma suna da ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a da ra'ayoyin girmamawa. Kuma, a kowane hali, babu wanda ya sauya sheka daga sojan doki zuwa dakaru. Kuma a nan akwai wakilin shahararren dangi, amma a cikin rundunar sojoji ta lardin. Sun fatattaki daga masu tsaron dawakai, ba su tsaya a cikin mashinan ba, kuma ba su yi ritaya ba, sun fi son jariri - na gaske, a cikin yaren zamani, wuce gona da iri. A nan ne Count B., kansa, a bayyane yake, ya tsinci kansa a cikin dakaru ba daga kyakkyawar rayuwa ba, kuma ya damu, yana jin ruhun dangi.
10. Evgeny Onegin, kamar yadda kuka sani, yana da mafita daga "ubangijinsa". Mai horar da 'yan wasan ya kori dawakan, sai kuma wani mai ƙafa ya tsaya a duga-dugan karusar. Ba kayan alatu bane kamar na limousines na yau. Likitoci, ƙananan 'yan jari hujja da' yan kasuwa ne kawai ke iya hawa a cikin motocin parokonny. Sauran duk sun koma cikin huɗu kawai. Don haka Eugene, tun da ya tafi ƙwallo a cikin hayar hayar doki mai tururi, ta wata hanya ya ba masu kallo mamaki. A ƙafa, mutane na duniya kawai suna iya tafiya. Ko don ziyarar gidan maƙwabta, ya zama dole a sanya karusa. Bayin, gwargwadon yanayinsu, ko dai ba su buɗe wa mai tafiya ƙofar, ko kuma su buɗe ba, sai dai su bar baƙin da kansa su tashi su haɗa rigunan da ke waje. Gaskiya ne, wannan halin ya ci gaba har zuwa kusan 1830
11. Bayan firaministan Sufeto Janar, Nicholas I, kamar yadda kuka sani, ya ce ya samu mafi yawa a wasan barkwancin Nikolai Gogol. Don kare sarki, ya kamata a ce cewa, da farko, rashawa da ba ta izini da saɓanin tsarin mulki sun bayyana a Rasha ba ta wata hanya a ƙarƙashin Nicholas. Abu na biyu, sarki yana sane da komai kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya yaƙi cin hanci da rashawa da rashin gaskiya na ƙabilar hukuma. Koyaya, duk ƙoƙarin nasa ya tsunduma cikin manyan malamai 40,000 waɗanda, a cewar Nikolai da kansa, ke mulkin Rasha. Ganin girman matsalar, sai hukumomi suka yi kokarin bullo da ita zuwa a kalla wasu nau'ikan tsari. Gogolev's "ba bisa mizani ba" daga nan yake. Gwamnan yana tsawata wa kwata kwata - a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa yanzu shi ne gundumar - saboda gaskiyar cewa dan kasuwar ya ba shi arshins biyu (mita daya da rabi), sai kwata kwata ya dauki gabadaya (a kalla mita 15). Wato yana da kyau a dauki gobara guda biyu. Artersungiyoyi a cikin garuruwan lardin suna samun kuɗin "hagu" na kusan 50 rubles a rana (magatakarda sun karɓi rubles 20 a wata). Har sai lamarin ya shafi kasafin kudin jihar, karamar rashawa ta rufe ido. Kuma galibi ba a hukunta satar kuɗin ƙasa.
12. Maƙarƙancin ɗan gari a ƙarni na 19 ya kai ga cewa bayan gagarumar nasarar da “Sufeto Janar,” wasu suka yanke shawara da gaske cewa yanzu cin hanci ya ƙare. Ofaya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken (!), A. V. Nikitenko, a cikin littafin nasa na sirri ya damu cewa yanzu irin wannan mahimmin abu, a ra'ayinsa, ƙarfin yaƙi da mulkin mallaka kamar yadda satar ƙasa zai ɓace. Koyaya, kwarewar iyakance a cikin lokaci da wurin kamfen don maido da oda ya nuna cewa idan aka hukunta duk masu laifi, jami'ai zasu ɓace a matsayin aji, kuma aikin na jihar zai tsaya. Kuma tsarin da ya samo asali yayin shekarun yakin ya ratsa na'urar a tsaye. An kai cin hanci kai tsaye zuwa ofisoshin ministoci. Saboda haka, magajin gari, idan ba shi kamar na Gogol's Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, mutum ba shi da daraja kuma ba tare da haɗi ba yana fuskantar barazanar canja wuri zuwa wani yanki bayan shekaru biyu na ritaya.
13. Gogol ya kai ga ma'anar tare da kalaman magajin gari, wanda aka yi wa ɗan kasuwa: "Za ku yi yarjejeniya da baitulmalin, za ku ninka shi da dubu ɗari, kuna sa rubabben zane, sa'annan ku ba da gudummawa yadi ashirin, kuma ku ba da lada a kan haka?" A tsawon shekaru, ba shi yiwuwa a fahimci ko rashawa ta samo asali daga ƙasa, ko kuma an ɗora ta daga sama, amma an ciyar da ita, kamar yadda suke faɗa, daga asalin. Manoman sun fara gunaguni game da mai gonar Izmailov ne kawai lokacin da, faɗaɗa harem, gaba ɗaya ya hana aure a ɗayan ƙauyukan sa. Kafin wannan, sun ba da 'ya'yansu mata a hannun mai gidan, kuma ba komai. Kuma 'yan kasuwa-haruffan "Sufeto Janar" sun ba da cin hanci tare da fatan hukumomin lardin za su rufe ido ga rubabbu da ɓarnatar da kayayyakin gwamnati. Kuma manoman jihar sun sayi manoman gonakin domin su sallama su a asirce a matsayin masu daukar ma'aikata. Don haka Nicholas I nayi alamar karimci: azabtar da kowa, don haka Rasha zata zama mai yawan mutane.
Zane ta N. Gogol don wasan karshe na "Sufeto Janar"
goma sha huɗu.Babban malami Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, wanda ba da laifi ba ya sake rubuta wasikun wasu mutane zuwa ga sauran jaruman Sufeto Janar din har ma ya bayar da damar karanta wasikar wani, ba kirkirar Gogol ba ce. Jama'a sun san cewa ana goge wasikun, kuma sun natsu game da hakan. Bugu da ƙari, nan da nan bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, mai ba da labarin nan gaba Mikhail Glinka ya bayyana a cikin tarihinsa da irin jin daɗin da shi da sauran hafsoshi suka karanta wasiƙun fursunonin Faransa zuwa mahaifarsu. Wannan bai haifar da wani fushin musamman ba.
15. Adabin gargajiya na Rashanci ba gaskiya ba ne a cikin gwarzo na gari. Ee, kuma waɗanda suke, wasu lokuta suna kallon baƙon. Wannan shine ainihin abin da Starodum yake a cikin Minananan, wanda kwata-kwata ba kamar sauran halayen ba. Wannan shine ɗan jari hujja mai ci gaba Kostanzhoglo, wanda ya bayyana a cikin juzu'i na biyu na Matattun rayukan Gogol. Marubucin ya sanya shi aiki ne kawai don nuna godiya - samfurin Kostanzhoglo, masanin masana'antar Rasha Dmitry Bernadaki, ya ɗauki nauyin rubuta ƙara na biyu na Matattun Rayuka. Koyaya, hoton Kostanzhoglo kwata-kwata ba abin birgewa bane. Ofan ɗan tsaka-tsaki, ya tashi daga ƙasa, tsawon shekaru 70 na rayuwarsa, ya ƙirƙiri masana'antu gaba ɗaya a cikin Rasha. Jirgin ruwa da Bernadaki ya gina kuma ya mallaki ko'ina cikin ruwan Rasha. Yana hakar gwal da kera motoci, kuma giyarsa suna bugu a duk cikin Rasha. Bernadaki ya sami da yawa kuma ya ba da gudummawa da yawa. Tallafinsa ya samu karɓa daga yara masu laifi da mashahuran masu fasaha, masu ƙira da yara masu hazaka. Anan ya kasance - mai shirye jarumi na babban labari! Amma a'a, marubutan Rasha sun so yin rubutu game da halaye daban-daban. Pechorin da Bazarov sun fi kyau ...
Ba a ƙaddara Dmitry Bernadaki ya zama gwarzo a lokacinsu ba
