Littafin Mikhail Sholokhov mai suna “Quiet Don” ɗayan manyan ayyuka ne ba na Rasha kawai ba, har ma da adabin duniya. An rubuta shi ne a cikin salon gaske, wani labari game da rayuwar Cossack a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na andaya da Yakin Basasa ya sa Sholokhov sanannen marubuci a duniya.
Sholokhov ya sami damar juya labarin rayuwar wani karamin yanki na mutane zuwa cikin zane-zane wanda ke nuna sauye-sauye masu yawa a cikin rayukan dukkan mutane sanadiyyar rikice-rikicen soja da siyasa. An rubuta haruffan The Quiet Don a bayyane sosai, babu haruffan “baƙi” da “farare” a cikin littafin. Marubucin ya gudanar, gwargwadon iko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin rubuce-rubucen The Quiet Don, don kauce wa kimantawar “baƙar fata da fari” na abubuwan tarihi.
Babban jigon labarin, tabbas, shine yaƙin, wanda ya zama juyi, wanda, daga baya, ya zama sabon yaƙi. Amma a cikin "Quiet Don" marubucin ya iya kula da matsalolin neman ɗabi'a, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin iyaye maza da yara, akwai wani wuri a cikin littafin labarin da kalmomin soyayya. Kuma babbar matsalar ita ce matsalar zabi, wacce ke fuskantar halayen marubuta a kai a kai. Bugu da ƙari, galibi suna da zaɓi daga munanan abubuwa biyu, kuma wani lokacin zaɓin yana da tsari na yau da kullun, tilasta shi ta yanayin waje.
1. Sholokhov da kansa, a cikin wata hira da bayanan tarihin rayuwa, ya danganta farkon aiki a littafin almara "Quiet Don" zuwa Oktoba 1925. Koyaya, kyakkyawan nazarin rubuce rubucen marubutan ya gyara wannan kwanan wata. Tabbas, a ƙarshen 1925, Sholokhov ya fara rubuta aiki game da makomar Cossack a cikin shekarun juyin-juya hali. Amma, gwargwadon zane, wannan aikin na iya zama matsakaicin labari - adadinsa da yawa zai wuce shafuka 100. Fahimtar cewa za'a iya bayyana batun a cikin aiki mafi girma, marubucin ya daina aiki akan rubutun da ya fara. Sholokhov ya mai da hankali kan tattara abubuwa na gaskiya. Aiki a kan "Quiet Don" a cikin sigar data kasance ta fara ne a Vyoshenskaya a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1926. Kuma wannan shine yadda ake yin kwanan rana akan komai. Don dalilai bayyananne, Sholokhov ya rasa ran 7 ga Nuwamba. Layin farko na labarin ya bayyana a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba. An kammala aiki a kashi na farko na labarin a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1927.
2. Dangane da lissafin sanannen masanin tarihi, marubuci kuma mai bincike na ayyukan M. Sholokhov Sergei Semanov, an ambaci haruffa 883 a cikin littafin "Quiet Don". 251 daga cikinsu ainihin adadi ne na tarihi. A lokaci guda, masu binciken daftarin "Quiet Don" sun lura cewa Sholokhov ya shirya bayyana wasu karin dozin da yawa, amma har yanzu bai sanya su a cikin littafin ba. Kuma akasin haka, makomar haruffa na ainihi sun sha hayewa tare da Sholokhov a rayuwa. Don haka, jagoran tarzoma a Vyoshenskaya, Pavel Kudinov, wanda aka zaƙulo a cikin littafin da sunansa, ya tsere zuwa Bulgaria bayan kayar da tawayen. A shekarar 1944, bayan isar sojojin Soviet cikin kasar, aka kame Kudinov aka yanke masa hukuncin shekara 10 a sansanin. Bayan ya gama yanke hukuncin, an tilasta masa komawa Bulgaria, amma ya sami damar tuntubar MA Sholokhov daga nan kuma ya zo Vyoshenskaya. Marubucin zai iya gabatar da kansa ga littafin - tun yana matashi dan shekara 14, ya zauna a Vyoshenskaya a cikin gidan da kusa da matar da aka kashe jami'in Cossack Drozdov da kisan gilla ga dan kwaminisanci Ivan Serdinov.
3. Maganar cewa Sholokhov ba shine ainihin mawallafin "Quiet Don" ya fara a cikin 1928, lokacin da tawada ba ta riga ta bushe a kan kofofin mujallar "Oktoba" ba, wanda aka buga kundin farko biyu. Aleksandr Serafimovich, wanda yake gyara Oktyabr a lokacin, ya bayyana jita-jitar da hassada, kuma ya dauki kamfen din yada su da cewa an tsara su. Lallai, an buga labarin har tsawon watanni shida, kuma masu sukar ba su da lokacin yin cikakken nazarin rubutu ko makircin aikin. Aungiyar da ta dace ta kamfen ɗin ma mai yiwuwa ne. Marubutan Soviet a cikin waɗannan shekarun ba su gama haɗuwa ba a cikin Unionungiyar Marubuta (wannan ya faru ne a 1934), amma suna cikin ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban goma sha biyu. Babban aikin yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin shi ne hounding na masu fafatawa. Wadanda suke son halakar da wani abokin aikinsu a cikin kere-keren kere kere sun isa a kowane lokaci.
4. Abin da ake kira, daga shuɗi, an zargi Sholokhov da satar kuɗi saboda ƙuruciyarsa da asalinsa - lokacin da aka buga littafin ba shi ma bai kai shekara 23 ba, yawancinsu yana rayuwa ne a cikin zurfin, a ra'ayin jama'ar babban birnin, lardin. Daga mahangar lissafi, 23 da gaske ba zamani bane. Koyaya, koda a shekarun zaman lafiya a Daular Rasha, yara sun girma da sauri, balle shekarun juyin juya hali da Yaƙin Basasa. 'Yan uwan Sholokhov - waɗanda suka sami damar rayuwa har zuwa wannan zamanin - suna da kyakkyawar kwarewar rayuwa. Sun umarci manyan rundunonin soja, da masana'antar masana'antu da hukumomin yanki. Amma ga wakilan jama'a "tsarkakakku", waɗanda yaransu ke da shekaru 25 bayan kammala karatun jami'a sun fara gano abin da ya kamata su yi, Sholokhov yana ɗan shekara 23 ya kasance matashi ne da ba shi da ƙwarewa. Ga waɗanda ke cikin kasuwanci, wannan shekarun tsufa ne.
5. Tasirin ayyukan Sholokhov akan "Quiet Don" ana iya gani sarai daga wasikun marubucin, wanda yayi aiki a ƙasarsa ta asali, a ƙauyen Bukanovskaya, tare da editocin Moscow. Da farko dai, Mikhail Alexandrovich ya shirya rubuta wani labari ne a sassa 9, 40 - 45 da aka buga takardu. Ya zama daidai wannan aikin a cikin sassa 8, amma a kan takardu 90 da aka buga. Biya ya kuma ƙaru sosai. Adadin farko ya kasance rubi 100 a kowane takardar da aka buga, sakamakon haka, Sholokhov ya karbi rubin 325 kowannensu.Lura: a cikin sauki, don fassara takardun da aka buga a cikin dabi'un da aka saba, kuna buƙatar ninka lambar su da 0.116. Valueimar da aka samu zai kusan dacewa da rubutun da aka buga akan takardar A4 na 14 a cikin font tare da tazara ɗaya da rabi.
6. Bugun littafin farko na "Quiet Don" an yi bikin ba kawai tare da gargajiyar gargajiyar gargajiyar abubuwan sha ba. Kusa da kantin sayar da abinci, inda aka sayi abinci da abin sha, akwai shagon "Caucasus". A ciki, Mikhail Alexandrovich nan da nan ya sayi Kubanka, burka, beshmet, bel, riga da wuƙaƙe. A cikin waɗannan tufafin ne aka nuna shi a jikin murfin juz'i na biyu wanda Roman Gazeta ya wallafa.
7. Hujja game da matashin marubucin littafin The Quiet Don, wanda a lokacin da yake da shekaru 26 ya gama littafi na uku na littafin, ba abin yarda ba ne har ma da ƙididdigar adabi. Alexander Fadeev ya rubuta "Zuba" yana ɗan shekara 22. Leonid Leonov a daidai wannan lokacin an riga an dauke shi mai hankali. Nikolai Gogol yana ɗan shekara 22 lokacin da ya rubuta Maraice a wata Gona kusa da Dikanka. Sergei Yesenin a 23 yana da mashahuri a matakin taurari masu kyan gani a halin yanzu. Mai sukar Nikolai Dobrolyubov ya riga ya mutu yana da shekaru 25, bayan ya sami damar shiga tarihin adabin Rasha. Kuma ba duk marubuta da mawaƙa za su iya yin alfahari da samun ilimin boko ba. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, Ivan Bunin, kamar Sholokhov, ya gudanar da aji hudu a dakin motsa jiki. Haka Leonov ba a shigar da shi jami'a ba. Ko da ba tare da sanin aikin ba, mutum na iya tsammani daga taken littafin Maxim Gorky “Jami’o’ina” cewa marubucin bai yi aiki tare da jami’o’in gargajiya ba.
8. Zagen farko na zarge-zargen satar fasaha ya yi barci bayan kwamiti na musamman da ke aiki a karkashin jagorancin Maria Ulyanova, bayan da ya karbi zane-zanen littafin “Quiet Don” daga Sholokhov, babu shakka ya kafa marubucin Mikhail Alexandrovich. A karshenta, wanda aka buga a Pravda, hukumar ta nemi ‘yan kasar da su taimaka wajen gano asalin jita-jitar bata suna. Smallaramar ƙaramar “shaida” cewa marubucin littafin ba Sholokhov ba ne, amma wani sanannen marubuci Fyodor Kryukov, ya faru ne a cikin shekarun 1930, amma saboda rashin tsari, kamfen ɗin ya mutu da sauri.
9. “Quiet Don” an fara fassara shi zuwa ƙasashen waje kusan bayan an buga littattafan a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (a cikin 1930s, haƙƙin mallaka bai riga ya zama ɗan tayi ba). An buga fassarar farko a cikin Jamus a cikin 1929. Bayan shekara guda, labarin ya fara bugawa a Faransa, Sweden, Holland da Spain. Burtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta fara karanta Quiet Don a cikin 1934. Yana da halayyar cewa a cikin Jamus da Faransa aikin Sholokhov an buga shi a cikin littattafai daban-daban, kuma a gefen Foggy Albion “Quiet Don” an buga shi a gutsure a ranar Lahadi ta Lahadi Times.
10. circlesungiyoyin baƙi sun karɓi “Quiet Don” tare da sha'awar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba game da wallafe-wallafen Soviet. Bugu da ƙari, yadda aka ba da labarin ba ya dogara da fifikon siyasa ba. Kuma masarauta, da masu goya masa baya, da makiyan ikon Soviet sun yi magana game da labarin ne kawai cikin sautu mai kyau. Jita-jita na satar kayan aiki da ya bayyana an yi ba'a da mantuwa. Bayan bayan hijirar ƙarni na farko sun tafi, a mafi yawancin, zuwa wata duniya, sai ,a childrenan su da jikokin su suka sake zagayowar ɓatancin.
11. Sholokhov bai taɓa adana kayan shiryawa don ayyukan sa ba. Da farko, ya kona zane, zane-zane, bayanan kula, da sauransu, saboda yana tsoron ba'a daga abokan aiki - suka ce, sun ce, yana shirya wa 'yan karatun ne. Sannan ya zama al'ada, ƙarfafawa daga ƙaruwa mai yawa daga NKVD. Wannan dabi'a ta kiyaye har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Ko da ba tare da samun damar motsawa ba, Mikhail Alexandrovich ya kona abin da ba ya so a cikin toka. Ya adana rubutun ƙarshe na rubutun da kuma kwafin rubutun sa. Wannan al'ada ta kasance mai tsada sosai ga marubucin.
12. Wani sabon tuhuma na zargin satar kayan aiki ya taso a Yammacin duniya kuma masu rashi fahimta daga Soviet suka karbe shi bayan bayar da kyautar Nobel ga M. A Sholokhov. Abin takaici, babu wani abin da zai sake tunkudar da wannan harin - ba a kiyaye abubuwan da aka rubuta na The Quiet Don, kamar yadda ya juya ba, Rubutun hannu, wanda aka ajiye a cikin Vyoshenskaya, Sholokhov ya miƙa shi ga NKVD na yankin, amma sashen yanki, kamar gidan Sholokhov, an jefa bam. Taskar labarai ta warwatse cikin tituna, kuma Red Army sun sami nasarar tattara wani abu a zahiri daga takaddun bayanai. Akwai takaddun zane 135, wanda shine ƙarami don rubutun hannu na wani babban labari.
13. Makomar daftarin "mai tsabta" yayi kama da makircin wani aiki mai ban mamaki. Komawa cikin 1929, bayan ƙaddamar da rubutun zuwa hukumar Maria Ulyanova, Sholokhov ya bar shi tare da abokinsa marubuci Vasily Kuvashev, wanda a gidansa ya sauka lokacin da ya zo Moscow. A farkon yakin, Kuvashev ya je gaban kuma, a cewar matarsa, ya dauki rubutun tare da shi. A cikin 1941, an kama Kuvashev kuma ya mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka a cikin fursunan sansanin yaƙi a cikin Jamus. Rubutun da aka ɗauka ya ɓace. A zahiri, rubutun bai samu zuwa kowane gaba ba (wanene zai ja rubutun hannu zuwa gaba a cikin jakar duffel?). Tana kwance a cikin gidan Kuvashev. Matar marubuci Matilda Chebanova ta nuna fushinta ga Sholokhov, wanda, a ganinta, zai iya sauƙaƙe sauya mijinta daga jariri zuwa ƙananan wuri mai haɗari. Koyaya, an ɗauki Kuvashev fursuna, ba ɗan ƙaramin soja ba, amma ya zama, a ƙarƙashin kulawar Sholokhov, ɗan rahoton yaƙi da jami'i, wanda, rashin alheri, ba su taimake shi ba - an kewaye sojoji baki ɗaya. Chebanova, wanda yaran Sholokhov suka kira "Anti Motya," har ma ta yage daga wasikun gaban mijinta wuraren da yake sha'awar ko ta ba Sholokhov rubutun. Tuni a cikin shekarun perestroika, Chebanova ya yi ƙoƙarin siyar da rubutun The Quiet Don tare da sasantawa na ɗan jarida Lev Kolodny. Farashin ya kasance da farko $ 50,000, sannan ya tashi zuwa $ 500,000. A cikin 1997, Kwalejin Kimiyya ba ta da irin wannan kuɗin. Proka da Chebanova da ‘yarta sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansa. Yarinyar Chebanova, wacce ta gaji dukiyar mamacin, ta mika rubutun na The Quiet Don ga Kwalejin Kimiyya domin samun kyautar $ 50,000. Ya faru a 1999. Shekaru 15 sun shude tun daga mutuwar Sholokhov. Yana da wuya a ce shekarun rayuwar da zalunci ya karɓa daga marubucin.
14. Dangane da yawan mutanen da aka danganta mawallafin jaridar The Quiet Don, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov shine jagora a tsakanin marubutan Rasha. Ana iya kiran shi "Shakespeare na Rasha". Kamar yadda kuka sani, marubucin "Romeo and Juliet" da sauran ayyukan masu mahimmancin duniya suma sun tashi kuma suna haifar da mummunan zato. Akwai dukkanin al'ummomin mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa maimakon Shakespeare, wasu mutane sun rubuta, har zuwa Sarauniya Elizabeth. Akwai kusan 80 irin waɗannan marubutan na ainihi. Jerin Sholokhov ya fi guntu, amma kuma an zarge shi da satar littafi ɗaya kawai, kuma ba duka aikin ba. Jerin ainihin mawallafan "Quiet Don" a cikin shekaru daban-daban sun haɗa da waɗanda aka ambata A. Serafimovich da F. Kryukov, da kuma mai zane da mai sukar Sergei Goloushev, surukin Sholokhov (!) Pyotr Gromoslavsky, Andrei Platonov, Nikolai Gumilyov (wanda aka harba a 1921), Don marubucin Don Viktor Sevsky (an kashe shi a cikin 1920).
15. "Quiet Don" an sake buga shi sau 342 a cikin USSR kadai. Sake bugawar 1953 ya tsaya dabam. Editan littafin shi ne Kirill Potapov, abokin Sholokhov. A bayyane yake, jagora ta hanyar la'akari na abokantaka kawai, Potapov ya yi gyare-gyare fiye da 400 ga littafin. Mafi yawan abubuwan kirkirar Potapov basu damu da salo ko rubutu ba, amma abubuwan da ke cikin littafin. Editan ya sanya aikin ya fi “ja”, “mai son Soviet”. Misali, a farkon babi na 9 na 5, ya saka wani yanki na layuka 30, yana ba da labarin gagarumar nasarar juyin juya halin a duk fadin Rasha. A cikin rubutun littafin, Potapov ya kara da sakon telegram na shugabannin Soviet a cikin Don, wanda sam bai dace da yanayin labarin ba. Editan ya mayar da Fedor Podtyolkov a cikin wutar Bolshevik ta hanyar gurbata bayaninsa ko kalmomin da Sholokhov ya rubuta a wurare sama da 50. Marubucin "Quiet Don" ya fusata sosai da aikin Potapov har ya katse dangantaka da shi na dogon lokaci. Kuma littafin ya zama abin wuya - an buga littafin a ƙaramar ƙaramar bugawa.
